Published April 24, 2026 | Version v1
Book chapter Open

Investigation of climate change-related deterioration in historical buildings using bibliometric analysis.

Authors/Creators

  • 1. Master Student's, Gazi University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Architecture, Ankara – Türkiye, mesudezor2905@gmail.com
  • 2. Prof. Dr., Gazi University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Ankara-Türkiye. asoyluk@gmail.com

Contributors

Description

Climate change is accelerating the deterioration of cultural heritage worldwide through temperature fluctuations, changes in humidity, extreme weather events, and disasters. Traditional conservation methods rely on expert supervision and intervention only when deterioration is observed; however, this approach is insufficient to combat climate change. While automated monitoring systems are used as an alternative, limited site access, high costs, and the long duration of the deterioration process also limit this method (Roqui et al., 2025). Because cultural heritage sites are located in different regions of the world, the effects of climate change also vary. According to data from a 2008 study, 46 World Heritage sites affected by climate change include archaeological remains, churches, mosques, temples, castles, and cultural landscapes (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2007). 

Historical buildings are structures dating back to prehistoric and historical periods, constructed using the original materials and building techniques of their time. These structures reflect the architectural, social, cultural, religious, and economic characteristics of the era to which they belong. (Law No. 2863, 1983; Çelik, 2021).

Files

7_Chapter_Sys_ Appr._to_Climate_Ch. Arch_Sci._ 2026.pdf

Files (2.8 MB)

Additional details

Identifiers

ISBN
979-10-7023-053-4

Dates

Issued
2026-04-24

References

  • Abdul Rahman, H., Thompson, P. A., & Whyte, I. L. (1996). Capturing the cost of non-conformance on construction sites- An application of the quality cost matrix. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 13, (1), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656719610108314
  • Aguilar-Sanchez, M., Almodovar-Melendo, J. M., & Cabeza-Lainez, J. (2023). Thermal performance assessment of Burkina Faso's housing typologies. Buildings, 13(11), 2719. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112719
  • Ağan, A. (2017). A research on material deterioration in historical structures in Balıkesir urban fabric [Master's Thesis, Balıkesir University]. The Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No. 456164) https://tez. yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Ahunbay, Z. (2009). Tarihi çevre koruma ve restorasyon (5. baskı). YEM Yayınları.
  • Aktürk, G., & Fluck, H. (2022). Vernacular heritage as a response to climate: Lessons for future climate resilience from Rize, Turkey. Land, 11(2), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020276
  • Amman, B. (2012). Tarihi yapıların hasar onarım tespiti ve restorasyon çalışmaları [Master Thesis, Celal Bayar University]. The Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No.307001) https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Asımgil, B., & Erdoğdu, F. (2013). Tarihi Ayvalık evleri mimarisinde bozulmaya neden olan etkenlerin incelenmesi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29(1), 49–60.
  • Bayık, H., & Bedirhanoğlu, İ. (2022). Tarihi yapılarda kullanılan doğal taşlarda bozunmalar. (p. 534-551). O. Kavak & Haspolat Y. K.(eds.) Farklı yaklaşımlarla madenler ve değerli taşlar. Orient Yayınları.
  • Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Torres-González, M., León-Muñoz, M., & Martín-del-Río, J. J. (2022). Influence of special report on emissions scenarios and the representative concentration pathways scenarios on the preservation of churches with a deficient microclimate. Journal of Building Engineering, 62, 105349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105349
  • Ben Charif, H., Zerlenga, O., & Iaderosa, R. (2024). Low-cost photogrammetry for detailed documentation and condition assessment of earthen architectural heritage: The Ex-Hotel Oasis Rouge in Timimoun as a case study. Buildings, 14(10), 3292. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103292
  • Bienvenido-Huertas, D., & Cortés, I. (2020). Influence on energy performance in historical buildings caused by the urban environment and project modifications: The case of the Duclós house. Revista Hábitat Sustentable, 10(2), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2020.10.02.03
  • Broecker, W. S. (1975). Climatic change: are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming? Science 189 (4201), 460–463. https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.189.4201.460.
  • Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). (2020). Human cost of disasters (2000–2019) (Cred Crunch No. 61). https://www.cred. be/sites/default/files/CredCrunch61-Humancost.pdf.
  • Clarivate. (2025). Web of Science. [Database interface] Retrieved: 26 November 2025, https://www.webofscience.com
  • Çelik, A. (2021). Examination of the relation of new additions in historical buildings with structure and context in terms of design notions [Master's Thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University]. The Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No.665694) https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • D'Agostino, D. (2013). Moisture dynamics in an historical masonry structure: The Cathedral of Lecce (South Italy). Building and Environment, 63, 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.02.008
  • Deniz Demirel, M., Umar, N. (2023). İklim değişikliği karşısında kültürel mirasın etkilenebilirliği. Dirençlilik Dergisi (Resilience Journal), 7(2), 455– 463. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1196873
  • Department for Transport. (1996). Road humps and ground-borne vibrations (Traffic Advisory Leaflet 8/96). Department for Transport. https:// tsrgd.co.uk/pdf/tal/1996/tal-8-96.pdf
  • De Rosa, A., Cennamo, P., Saltarelli, C., Trojsi, G., Rimauro, J., Vigorito, M. R., & Chianese, E. (2025). The effects of urban pollution on the "Gesù Nuovo" façade (Naples, Italy): A diagnostic overview. Atmosphere, 16(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010068
  • Dolar, A., Yılmaz, E. Ş. (2014). Kültürel yapılarda biyolojik bozulma mekanizmaları. Elektronik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi TR, 12(1), 1–19. www. mikrobiyoloji.org/pdf/702140101.pdf
  • Dominic, A. C. (2024). Vandalism on built heritage in Kerala: A threat to cultural identity. Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology, 11(2), 917–941. https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/ Volume11.2/53.pdf
  • Durmaz, E. (2019). The impact of wars on cultural heritage: The example of Syria [Master's Thesis, Marmara University]. The Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Publication No. 588052) https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • El-Gohary, M. A., & Abdel Moneim, A. A. (2021). The environmental factors affecting the archaeological buildings in Egypt, "II Deterioration by severe human activities". Periodico di Mineralogia, 90, https://doi. org/10.13133/2239-1002/17383
  • Elvan, A. (2024). An assessment for the rehabilitation of architectural heritage in Aleppo during the war between 2011-2020 [Master's Thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University]. The Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No.940227) https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Farazmand, M., & Sapsis, T. P. (2018). Extreme events: Mechanisms and prediction [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1803.06277
  • Feilden, B. M. (2003). Conservation of historic buildings (3rd ed.) Architectural Press.
  • Gökmen Erdoğan, B. (2022). A Model Proposal for Risk Management in Increased Floods due to Climate Change Impact and Its Analysis through the Example of Edirne [Doctoral dissertation, Yıldız Technical University]. The Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No.722777) https://tez.yok. gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Hart, S., Raymond, K., Williams, C. J., Rutherford, W. A., & DeGayner, J. (2023). Modeling earthen treatments for climate change effects. Heritage, 6(5), 4214–4226. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6050222
  • Hunaidi, O. (2000). Traffic vibrations in buildings (Construction Technology Update No. 39). Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada. https://doi.org/10.4224/40002831
  • IPCC. (2023). Summary for policymakers. In H. Lee & J. Romero (Eds.), Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1–34). IPCC. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6- 9789291691647.001
  • Josephson, P.-E., & Hammarlund, Y. (1999). The causes and costs of defects in construction: A study of seven building projects. Automation in Construction, 8(6), 681–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-5805(98)00114-9
  • Keeling, C. D., Whorf, T. P., Wahlen, M. & van der Plichtt, J. (1995). Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980. Nature 375 (6533), 666–670. https://doi.org/10.1038/375666a0.
  • Law No. 2863 on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Property. Published in the Official Gazette on: 23/07/1983 number: 18113 https://www. mevzuat.gov.tr/
  • Mascitelli, A., Prestileo, F., Stella, E. M., Aruffo, E., López Campos, L. I., Federico, S., Torcasio, R. C., Corsi, A., Di Carlo, P., & Dietrich, S. (2023). Impact of climate change on the "Trabocchi Coast" (Italy): The Trabocco Turchino case study. Sustainability, 15(14), 10880. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410880
  • McPhillips, L. E., Chang, H., Chester, M. V., DePietri, Y., Friedman, E., Grimm, N. B., Kominoski, J., McPhearson, T., Méndez-Lázaro, P., Rossi, J., & Shihavi, J. (2018). Defining extreme events: A cross-disciplinary review. Earth's Future. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000686
  • Merrills, A. (2009). The origins of "vandalism". International Journal of the Classical Tradition, 16(2), 155–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12138-009- 0127-1
  • Meydan Uygur, S., & Baykan, E. (2007). Kültür turizmi ve turizmin kültürel varlıklar üzerindeki etkileri. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 30–49.
  • Milão, S., Ribeiro, T., Correia, M., Neves, I. C., Flores, J., & Alvarez, O. (2025). Contributions to architectural and urban resilience through vulnerability assessment: The case of Mozambique Island's World Heritage. Heritage, 8(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010025
  • Momčilović Petronijević, A., & Petronijević, P. (2022). Floods and their impact on cultural heritage—A case study of southern and eastern Serbia. Sustainability, 14(22), 14680. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214680
  • Oliveira, M. L. S., Dario, C., Tutikian, B. F., Ehrenbring, H. Z., Almeida, C. C. O., & Silva, L. F. O. (2019). Historic building materials from Alhambra: Nanoparticles and global climate change effects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 232, 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.019
  • Öcal, A. D., & Dal, M. (2012). Doğal taşlardaki bozunmalar. Bogota/ Kırklareli: Mimarlık Vakfı İktisadi İşletmesi.
  • Öztürk, B., Arslan Selçuk, S. & Arayici, Y. (2025). An AI-supported framework for enhancing energy resilience of historical buildings under future climate change. Architecture, 5(3), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ architecture5030063
  • Perker, Z. S., & Akıncıtürk, N. (2006). Cumalıkızık'da ahşap yapı elemanı bozulmaları. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.61527
  • Rawat, A., Kumar, D., & Khati, B. S. (2023). A review on climate change impacts, models, and its consequences on different sectors: A systematic approach. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 15(1), 104–121. https://doi. org/10.2166/wcc.2023.536
  • Rescic, S., Mattone, M., Fratini, F., & Lividini, L. (2023). Conservation of earthen bricks in architecture: An experimental campaign to test different treatments on vernacular built heritage. Heritage, 6(3), 1541–1566. https://doi. org/10.3390/heritage6020083
  • Roqui, D., Cormier, A., Grozavu, N., & Bourges, A. (2025, October 15). A multimodal approach to heritage preservation in the context of climate change. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv:2510.14136
  • Sahyoun, S., Ge, H., & Lacasse, M. A. (2025). Freeze-thaw damage assessment of internally insulated historic brick masonry walls under a changing climate. Journal of Building Engineering, 102, 111900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jobe.2025.111900
  • Seçkin, N. P. (2010). Ahşap malzeme sorunlarının teşhis yöntemleri. Restorasyon Konservasyon Çalışmaları, (4), 81–87. https://izlik.org/ JA94GK52FX
  • Seçkin, N.P., Seçkin, Y.Ç. & Seçkin, Ö. B. (2017). Yapılarda Su ve Nem Kontrolü, Literatür Yayınları: 782, ISBN: 978-975-04-0758-1
  • Shrestha, R., Shen, Z., & Bhatta, K. D. (2024). Cultural heritage deterioration in the historical town 'Thimi'. Buildings, 14(1), Article 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010244
  • Storemyr, P. (2004). Weathering of soapstone in a historical perspective. Materials Characterization, 53(2–4), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. matchar.2004.06.015
  • Sura, P. (2011). A general perspective of extreme events in weather and climate. Atmospheric Research, 101(1–2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. atmosres.2011.01.012
  • Şengel, E. (2023). Socio-cultural examination of vandalism in historical buildings in terms of architectural values [Master's Thesis, Gazi University]. The Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No.778084) https://tez. yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (2007). Climate change and world heritage: Report on predicting and managing the impacts of climate change on World Heritage and strategy to assist States Parties to implement appropriate management responses (A. Colette, Ed.). UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/ series/22/
  • Uz, A. (2021). Evaluation of material characterization methods for conservation and repair of historical buildings [Master's Thesis, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University]. The Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No.679276) https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
  • Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2024). VOSviewer (Version 1.6.20) [Computer software]. https://www.vosviewer.com (Accessed 26 November 2025).
  • Varol, N., & Gültekin, T. (2016). Afet antropolojisi [Disaster anthropology]. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59), 1431–1436. https://doi.org/10.17755/ esosder.89650
  • Vieira, E. S., & Gomes, J. A. N. F. (2009). A comparison of Scopus and Web of Science for a typical university. Scientometrics, 81(2), 587–600. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-2178-0
  • Wai Kiong, C., & Sui Pheng, L. (2006). Latent building defects: Causes and design strategies to prevent them. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(3), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887- 3828(2006)20:3(213)
  • Wu, X.-H., Bai, X.-J., Chen, D.-M., & Zhang, X.-M. (2025). Reversible multifunctional mural protective material with high durability, anti-aging, breathability, and harsh-environment resistance. Journal of Building Engineering, 107, 112729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112729
  • Yan, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). A review of atmospheric deterioration and sustainable conservation of calcareous stone in historical buildings and monuments. Sustainability, 16(23), 10751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310751