Open-source microscopy for One-Health issues: detecting waterborne pathogen cysts in remote areas

The expansion of American beaver (Castor canadensis) populations poses a latent threat to the sub-Antarctic forests and waterways in Tierra del Fuego (Patagonia). In addition to the environmental impact on various ecosystems, this invasive species could have an impact on animal and human health, becoming a One Health issue. By building dams and reservoirs, beavers could also contribute to the spread of zoonotic pathogens, such as gastrointestinal parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., putting local wildlife, livestock, domestic animals, and humans at risk. Early detection and identification of these cysts are crucial to prevent and contain outbreaks in remote and vulnerable regions, such as Patagonia. However, pathogen surveillance methods often rely on expensive, centralized, and proprietary resources, restricting their accessibility to the region.

To address these challenges, open-source hardware offers portable, customizable, and locally manufactured alternatives. OpenFlexure, an open-source 3D-printed microscope, has allowed the identification of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in Karukinka Park, a natural laboratory in Isla Grande, Tierra del Fuego. This equipment also provides a versatile resource for on-site pathogen monitoring and education for park rangers and researchers in remote locations.