Urban Lagos Air Pollution: Sources, Impacts, and Control Measures

Urban air pollution in Lagos, Nigeria has significant health impacts due to its rapid urbanization and industrial growth. A combination of ground-level monitoring data and satellite imagery analysis were used to map and quantify pollutant concentrations over time. Air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exceeded World Health Organisation guidelines in many areas, affecting approximately 30% of the population's health. Urban Lagos faces severe air pollution challenges requiring urgent policy interventions to mitigate public health risks. Implementing stricter emission controls for vehicles and industrial sources is essential alongside promoting green spaces and sustainable urban planning strategies. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.