Shorinji Kempo Basic Technique Training Model for The Visually Impaired

This research and development aims to develop a basic Shorinji Kempo training model tailored for individuals with visual impairments, with a focus on improving their basic technical and affective aspects. The background of this research shows that individuals with visual impairments often experience a lack of confidence in social interactions and sports, and there is no specific Shorinji Kempo training model for them, especially in juho techniques. The methodology used was the Borg & Gall Research and Development (R&D) model, modified into six steps: preliminary study and data collection, planning, initial product development, initial testing, product revision, and dissemination. Data was collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and literature studies. The initial product was validated by five experts (two training experts, two Shorinji Kempo experts, and one media expert). Limited trials involved five Shorinji Kempo trainers and 18 visually impaired kenshi. The results showed that the training model developed was “feasible” based on validation by subject matter experts (86.94%) and media experts (85.82%). All instrument items were valid based on Aikens' V (≥ 0.81). Limited trials also showed the product's feasibility in terms of physical aspects (89.76%), design (89.5%), and usage (88.19%) with an overall average of 89.15%. The effectiveness test using the N-Gain score showed a significant increase in technical mastery, with the tsuki nuki technique showing the highest effectiveness, followed by johaku nuki and kote nuki. Overall, this basic shorinji kempo technique training model for the visually impaired has been proven to be feasible and effective, contributing significantly to improving technical and affective aspects for the visually impaired. This study recommends wider use of the tsuki nuki technique and further analysis to improve the effectiveness of kote nuki.