Depression and Suicide: A Comprehensive Review of Risk, Mechanisms, and Prevention

Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders and has become a major concern for public health systems across the world. Among the many complications associated with depression, suicide remains the most serious and life‑threatening outcome. Individuals experiencing persistent depressive symptoms often develop feelings of hopelessness, emotional exhaustion, and reduced motivation, which may increase the likelihood of suicidal thoughts or behaviors.

This review explores the relationship between depression and suicide by examining major risk factors, possible biological and psychological mechanisms, and current prevention strategies. Evidence from existing studies shows that the risk of suicide rises considerably when depression is combined with factors such as substance abuse, social isolation, traumatic experiences, and lack of access to mental health care. Early identification of depressive symptoms, proper treatment, and strong social support systems can significantly reduce suicide risk. Understanding these relationships is essential for clinicians, researchers, and public health professionals who aim to design effective suicide prevention programs.