DIGITAL MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL FIRE PREVENTION

Fire and explosion incidents in oil storage tanks represent one of the most critical safety challenges in the oil and gas industry. Vapor–air mixtures formed in the tank headspace may reach explosive concentration limits under specific temperature, pressure, and ventilation conditions, significantly increasing the risk of catastrophic accidents. Traditional risk assessment approaches are often based on static evaluations and do not fully account for the combined influence of dynamic operational parameters. This study develops a multi-factor mathematical model for assessing and reducing fire and explosion hazards in oil storage tanks. The model incorporates vapor concentration relative to the lower explosive limit (LEL), temperature variation, internal pressure, and ventilation efficiency. Analytical calculations demonstrate that as the vapor concentration approaches 0.8–1.0 of the LEL, the hazard index increases sharply. The proposed approach improves risk assessment accuracy compared to conventional methods and provides a technical basis for optimizing ventilation and monitoring systems. The findings contribute to enhancing industrial safety management and minimizing fire and explosion risks in petroleum storage facilities.