How to measure the lateral wall angle width of cephalopod beaks

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purposes is discussed and methods to measure it are reviewed. In addition, a new
simple mathematical method to derive LWA from the rostral length (RL) and the jaw width
(JW) – two linear measures customarily taken on beaks – is presented. Instructions to easily
compute LWA by means of a function set in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and with the R
programming language are given.