Discourse Principles in Linguistic Research: A Study of Theoretical and Applied Dimensions

Discourse analysis has become a central methodological and theoretical framework across linguistics, literary studies, sociology, media studies, and critical theory. Since its emergence in the twentieth century, discourse has been conceptualized not merely as language beyond the sentence level, but as a socially embedded, ideologically charged, and cognitively mediated practice. Although numerous scholars have contributed to the development of discourse theory and its applications, existing research remains conceptually fragmented. While various models and approaches – such as critical, socio-cognitive, pragmatic, and structural traditions – articulate important assumptions about discourse, there is no clearly structured and systematized study that consolidates the foundational principles underlying these diverse frameworks. This lack of an integrated taxonomy creates methodological ambiguity and conceptual inconsistency, particularly for interdisciplinary applications. The findings reveal that despite disciplinary diversity, discourse studies converge around six interrelated principles: contextuality, social construction, power and ideology, dialogism and intertextuality, cognitive mediation, and structural organization. These principles form an integrated framework that clarifies the conceptual architecture underlying discourse analysis. The study contributes to the field by providing a structured taxonomy that enhances theoretical coherence, supports methodological transparency, and facilitates interdisciplinary application of discourse analysis in future research.