Extending the Vacuum Clock to Tropospheric Instabilities and Storm Prediction

Update: 03-02-2026

Engine is Updated to v1.2

In this work we close the final mechanical loop by extending the same vacuum clock into the troposphere ($0$--$12$ km). Replacing the seismic local-mass term in the established geometric scaling law with effective convective mass $M_{\rm conv} = {\rm CAPE} \times V_{\rm storm}$ yields a composite Storm Index that integrates TEC anomalies, CAPE, and lightning activity. A vacuum-triggered storm precursor is declared when the index exceeds 2.8 and falls inside the predicted 1--4 day relaxation window.