Exploring Robust Crisis Governance. Qualitative Data from Nine Country Studies of Three Major Crises.

This dataset is part of the ROBUST research project and contains qualitative data on national and local crisis responses in nine European countries during three major crises. The dataset contains country reports from Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain covering the 2008-09 financial crisis, the 2015-16 refugee crisis, and the 2020-2022 COVID crisis. The country reports are based on 108 stakeholder interviews and extensive document studies, and they contain 33 mini-cases. 

The data was gathered to explore  how three key governance factors—multi-level governance, hybridity of governance, and societal intelligence—contribute to the development of robust governance. The data gathering was conducted by national teams from each country following a common template. The data gathering fed into reports focusing on each of the three above-mentioned governance factors, which are included elsewhere in the ROBUST repository. 

The reports in the dataset are organized hierarchically:

• Dataset (this DOI): Entire collection of country reports
• Country report: One report for each country
• Section: One section per crisis in each country report
• Chapter: Separate chapters on national responses and case studies of local responses.

Added in version 1.1: Data gathering template. Contains the data gathering template followed by the ROBUST consortium to conduct the nine country studies in this record.

Zenodo provides a single DOI for the full dataset. To ensure precise citation, users should reference the dataset DOI and specify the hierarchical level (report, section, chapter) they are using following the examples below.

Cite the dataset

Randma-Liiv, T., Nõmmik, S., Russo, C., Pettrachin, A., Caponio, T., and Coroano, SD. (eds.) (2025). Exploring Robust Crisis Governance. Qualitative Data from Nine Country Studies of Three Major Crises (Version 1.0) [Dataset] ROBUST: Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17161272

Cite a country report (example)

Nemec, J. and Špaček, D. (2025). Crisis Responses in Czechia, in Exploring Robust Crisis Governance. Qualitative Data from Nine Country Studies of Three Major Crises (Version 1.0) [Dataset] ROBUST: Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17161272

Cite a section or chapter in a country report (example)

Nemec, J. (2025). Studying the Financial Crisis in Czechia, Crisis Responses in Czechia, in Exploring Robust Crisis Governance. Qualitative Data from Nine Country Studies of Three Major Crises (Version 1.0) [Dataset] ROBUST: Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17161272