Studies on Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Salvia rosmarinus Medicinal Plant

Salvia rosmarinus, commonly known as rosemary, is a perennial herb from the Lamiaceae family with a long history of use in traditional medicine across the Mediterranean region and beyond. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the anti-inflammatory activities of S. rosmarinus, focusing on its phytochemical constituents, in vitro and in vivo studies, potential clinical applications, and underlying mechanisms of action. Key phytochemicals responsible for anti-inflammatory effects include phenolic diterpenes like carnosic acid and carnosol, polyphenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid, and flavonoids including cirsimaritin and diosmetin. In vitro studies demonstrate that rosemary extracts inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cell lines like RAW 264.7 macrophages, often through suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In vivo models, including carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, show reduced inflammation markers and tissue damage upon rosemary administration. Limited clinical trials suggest benefits in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, with reductions in C-reactive protein (CRP) and disease activity scores. Mechanisms involve antioxidant scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulation of inflammatory signalling cascades, and inhibition of enzymes like cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Tables summarize major compounds and study outcomes, while figures illustrate key pathways and comparative efficacies. Despite promising results, challenges include variability in extract composition due to geographical and seasonal factors, and the need for more randomized controlled trials. This review underscores S. rosmarinus as a valuable natural agent for managing inflammatory disorders, warranting further research into standardized formulations for therapeutic use.