Systemic Discrimination and Violence Against Iranian Sunni Muslims: A Systematic Literature Review on the Role of Iran's Shia Muslim Leadership

The Islamic Republic of Iran, with its predominantly Shia population, has historically experienced sectarian tensions, especially in relation to the treatment of its Sunni Muslim minority. This systematic literature review analyzes the role of Iran’s Shia Muslim leadership in sustaining systemic discrimination and violence against Sunni Muslims, framing the issue within wider discussions on religious minorities’ rights, sectarian politics, and state-sponsored repression. We analyze prior academic research to discern forms of marginalization, which include legal and economic exclusion as well as violent suppression, and examine the ideological and political drivers of these actions. The review employs a rigorous methodology, conducting a systematic examination of peer-reviewed articles, reports, and historical accounts to chart the structural mechanisms of discrimination and their effects on Sunni communities. Research indicates that state policies frequently portray Sunni identity as a security risk, which serves as the basis for imposing limitations on religious activities, political engagement, and the allocation of public resources. Sectarianism and nationalism overlapping worsens these dynamics, as Sunni-majority areas face excessive surveillance and militarization. Although there is sporadic talk of unity, the Shia leadership’s institutional control strengthens hierarchical religious authority, which results in minimal opportunity for genuine reconciliation. The study finds systemic discrimination against Sunni Muslims is deeply rooted in Iran’s political theology, affecting regional stability and interfaith relations. By critically engaging with these findings, the review contributes to ongoing discussions on minority rights in theocratic states and the broader Middle East’s sectarian landscape.