Published September 2023 | Version v1
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Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age

Authors/Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Anglia Ruskin University
  • 2. ROR icon University of Vienna
  • 3. ROR icon Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences
  • 4. ROR icon University of Tartu
  • 5. ROR icon Tarbiat Modares University
  • 6. University of Chittagong
  • 7. ROR icon Université du Québec en Outaouais
  • 8. ROR icon A'Sharqiyah University
  • 9. ROR icon Lusail University
  • 10. Ahmed bin Mohammed Military College
  • 11. ROR icon Panteion University
  • 12. ROR icon Islamic University of Indonesia
  • 13. ROR icon Aberystwyth University
  • 14. Neapolis University Pafos
  • 15. ROR icon Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
  • 16. ROR icon Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar
  • 17. ROR icon Nigerian Defence Academy
  • 18. ROR icon Klaipėda University
  • 19. Lithuanian Innovation Agency (LVPA)
  • 20. ROR icon Lithuanian Sports University
  • 21. Charles University, Faculty of Arts
  • 22. ROR icon University of Iceland
  • 23. ROR icon University of Rijeka
  • 24. Chaire VISAJ
  • 25. ROR icon Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
  • 26. ROR icon Cégep de Jonquière
  • 27. Universidad San Francisco de Quito Instituto de Economía
  • 28. ROR icon Queen Mary University of London
  • 29. Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences
  • 30. University of Presov, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences
  • 31. ROR icon University of South-Eastern Norway
  • 32. University of Wroclaw
  • 33. ROR icon Aix-Marseille Université
  • 34. ROR icon Bartin University
  • 35. ROR icon Polytechnique Montréal
  • 36. Department of General Psychology
  • 37. Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Psychology
  • 38. ROR icon Thammasat University
  • 39. Deakin University
  • 40. ROR icon South China Normal University
  • 41. ROR icon Mahasarakham University
  • 42. ROR icon Trinity College Dublin
  • 43. ROR icon Medical University of Silesia
  • 44. ROR icon University of Wrocław
  • 45. ROR icon Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
  • 46. ROR icon Chitwan Medical College
  • 47. ROR icon Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
  • 48. ROR icon University of the Sunshine Coast
  • 49. ROR icon University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
  • 50. "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University
  • 51. Koc University
  • 52. ROR icon Alzahra University
  • 53. ROR icon University of Malta
  • 54. ROR icon University of Graz
  • 55. ROR icon BI Norwegian Business School
  • 56. ROR icon University of Almería
  • 57. ROR icon Iran University of Science and Technology
  • 58. Fundacion Universidad Pontifica de Salamanca.
  • 59. Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
  • 60. ROR icon University of Queensland
  • 61. ROR icon University of Bern
  • 62. ROR icon Czech Academy of Sciences
  • 63. Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK)
  • 64. ROR icon University of Maragheh
  • 65. ROR icon Sultan Qaboos University
  • 66. ROR icon University of Hertfordshire
  • 67. ROR icon Al-Quds University
  • 68. ROR icon King's College London
  • 69. ROR icon Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
  • 70. ROR icon University of Buenos Aires
  • 71. Universidad San Francisco de Quito
  • 72. ROR icon University of Novi Sad
  • 73. ROR icon Universidade de Ribeirão Preto
  • 74. ROR icon Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Eugeniusza Piaseckiego w Poznaniu
  • 75. ROR icon Sakarya University
  • 76. ROR icon Koç University
  • 77. Practice for Behavioral Therapy and Neuropsychology
  • 78. ROR icon Universiti of Malaysia Sabah
  • 79. ROR icon University of Melbourne
  • 80. Astana IT University
  • 81. Poznan University of Physical Education
  • 82. Universiti Sains Malaysia
  • 83. Universiti Sains Malaysia Pusat Pengajian Sains Perubatan
  • 84. ROR icon University of Western Australia
  • 85. Sveučilište u Rijeci, Filozofski Fakultet
  • 86. Part 3 Action Research and Resource Centre
  • 87. ROR icon Middlesex University Dubai
  • 88. ROR icon Universidade de São Paulo
  • 89. ROR icon University of Gdańsk
  • 90. ROR icon WSB Merito University in Gdańsk
  • 91. ROR icon Sapienza University of Rome
  • 92. University of Miskolc
  • 93. ROR icon Shaikh Zayed Medical College and Hospital
  • 94. ROR icon Universitat de València
  • 95. Maastricht University
  • 96. University of Florence
  • 97. University Hospital of Monastir
  • 98. ROR icon University of Pecs
  • 99. ROR icon DePaul University
  • 100. ROR icon University of Bielsko-Biała
  • 101. ROR icon University of Tsukuba
  • 102. Dar Al Uloom University - College of Dentistry
  • 103. ROR icon Universidade Nova de Lisboa
  • 104. ROR icon University of Minho
  • 105. ROR icon Universidade Lusófona do Porto
  • 106. ROR icon Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • 107. ROR icon University of Ibadan
  • 108. North-West University, South Africa
  • 109. ROR icon Ekiti State University
  • 110. Ünye Çakırtepe Hospital
  • 111. ROR icon University of Agder
  • 112. Harvard Medical School
  • 113. ROR icon Brigham and Women's Hospital
  • 114. Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative
  • 115. ROR icon Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio-Electronics
  • 116. ROR icon University of Central Florida
  • 117. ROR icon Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology
  • 118. Baglung Municipal Hospital
  • 119. ROR icon Max Planck Institute for Human Development
  • 120. ROR icon Griffith University
  • 121. ROR icon Eskişehir Osmangazi University
  • 122. ROR icon Yazd University
  • 123. Reykjavik University
  • 124. ROR icon University of Zadar
  • 125. DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING, EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP LUCKNOW UTTAR PRADESH INDIA
  • 126. ROR icon Masaryk University
  • 127. ROR icon University of Oslo
  • 128. ROR icon Chiang Mai University
  • 129. Ministry of Justice
  • 130. Jazan University Faculty of Pharmacy
  • 131. ROR icon West University of Timişoara
  • 132. ROR icon United Arab Emirates University
  • 133. ROR icon University of Latvia
  • 134. ROR icon Universidad de Costa Rica
  • 135. ROR icon Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul
  • 136. Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara/West University Timisoara
  • 137. ROR icon Federal Reserve Board of Governors
  • 138. ROR icon Lingnan University
  • 139. University of Warsaw
  • 140. Lebanese American University Byblos Campus
  • 141. Lebanese American University
  • 142. ROR icon Comenius University Bratislava

Description

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset – with data collected between 2020 and 2022 – to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.

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