Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age
Authors/Creators
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Swami, Viren1
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Tran, Ulrich2
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Stieger, Stefan3
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Aavik, Toivo4
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Abdollahpour Ranjbar, Hamed
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adebayo, sulaiman olanrewaju
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Afhami, Reza5
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Ahmed, Oli6
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Aimé, Annie7
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Akel, Marwan
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Al Halbusi, Hussam8, 9, 10
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ALEXIAS, GEORGE11
- Khawla F. Ali
- Nursel Alp-Dal
- Anas B. Alsalhani
- Sara Álvares-Solas
- Ana Carolina Soares Amaral
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Andrianto, Sonny12
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Aspden, Trefor13
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Argyrides, Marios14
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ARUTA, JOHN JAMIR BENZON
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Atkin, Stephen15, 16
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Ayandele, Olusola17
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Baceviciene, Migle18, 19, 20
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Bahbouh, Radvan21
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BALLESIO, ANDREA
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Barron, David
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Bellard, Ashleigh
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Bender, Sóley Sesselja22
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Beydağ, Kerime Derya
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Birovljević, Gorana23
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Blackburn, Marie-Eve24, 25, 26
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Borja-Alvarez, Teresita27
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Borowiec, Joanna28
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Bozoganova, Miroslava29, 30
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Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid31
- Matthew H.E.M. Browning
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Brytek-Matera, Anna32
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Burakova, Marina33
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Çakır-Koçak, Yeliz34
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Camacho, Pablo35
- Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri
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Cazzato, Valentina
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Cerea, Silvia36
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Chaiwutikornwanich, Apitchaya37
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Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin38
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Chambers, Tim39
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Chen, Qing-Wei40
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cheng, xin
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Chien, Chin-Lung
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Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit38
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Choompunuch, Bovornpot41
- Emilio J. Compte
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Corrigan, Jennifer42
- Getrude Cosmas
- Richard G. Cowden
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Czepczor-Bernat, Kamila43
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Czub, Marcin44
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Silva, Wanderson Roberto da
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Dadfar, Mahboubeh
- Simon E. Dalley
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Dany, Lionel
- Jesus Alfonso D. Dat
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Berbert de Carvalho, Pedro Henrique45
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Lins de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel
- Avila Odia S. De Jesus
- Sonia Harzallah Debbabi
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Sandesh dhakal46
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Di Bernardo, Francesca
- Donka D. Dimitrova
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Dion, Jacinthe47
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Dixson, Barnaby48
- Stacey M. Donofrio
- Marius Drysch
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Du, Hongfei49
- Angel M. Dzhambov
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El-Jor, Claire
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Enea, Violeta50
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Eskin, Mehmet51
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Farbod, Farinaz52
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Farrugia, Lorleen53
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Fian, Leonie2, 54
- Maryanne L. Fisher
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Folwarczny, Michał
- David A. Frederick
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Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthew39
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Furnham, Adrian55
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Alías García, Antonio56
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Geller, Shulamit
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GHISI, MARTA
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Ghorbani, Alireza57
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Gómez Martínez, Maria Angeles58, 59
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Grainger, Sarah60
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Graf, Sylvie61, 62
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Grano, Caterina
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Gyene, Gyöngyvér
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Hallit, Souheil63
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Hamdan, Motasem
- Jonathan E. Handelzalts
- Paul H.P. Hanel
- Steven R. Hawks
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Hekmati, Issa64
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Helmy, Mai65
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Hill, Tetiana66
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Hina, Farah
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Holenweger, Geraldine61
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Hrebickova, Martina
- Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi
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Imam, Asma67
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İnce, Başak68
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IRRAZABAL, NATALIA69, 70
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Jankauskiene, Rasa20
- Rasa Jankauskiene
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Jiménez-Borja, Micaela71
- Verónica Jiménez-Borja
- Evan M. Johnson
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Jovanović, Veljko72
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Jović, Marija
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Jović, Marko
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Costa Pereira Junqueira, Alessandra73
- Lisa-Marie Kahle
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Kantanista, Adam74
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Karakiraz, Ahmet75
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Karkın, Ayşe Nur76
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Kasten, Erich77
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Khatib, Salam67
- Nuannut Khieowan
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Joseph Kimong, Patricia78
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Kiropoulos, Litza79
- Joshua Knittel
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Kohli, Neena
- Mirjam Koprivnik
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Kospakov, Aituar80
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Król-Zielińska, Magdalena81
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Krug, Isabel79
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Kuan, Garry82
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Kueh, Yee Cheng83
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Kujan, Omar84
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Kukić, Miljana85
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Kumar, Sanjaya
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Kumar, Vipul86
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Lamba, Nishtha87
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Lauri, Mary Anne53
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Laus, Maria Fernanda88
- Liza April LeBlanc
- Hyejoo J. Lee
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Lipowska, Małgorzata89
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Lipowski, Mariusz90
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Lombardo, Caterina91
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Lukács, Andrea92
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Maïano, Christophe
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Sadia Malik93
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Manjary, Mandar
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Márquez-Baldó, Lidia94
- Martha Martinez-Banfi
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Massar, Karlijn95
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Matera, Camilla96
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McAnirlin, Olivia
- Moisés Roberto Mebarak
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mechri, anwar97
- Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles
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Mesko, Norbert98
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Mills, Jacqueline39
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Miyairi (Steel), Maya99
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Modi, Ritu
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Modrzejewska, Adriana43
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MODRZEJEWSKA, JUSTYNA100
- Kate E. Mulgrew
- Taryn A. Myers
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Namatame, Hikari101
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Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria102
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NERINI, AMANDA
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Neto, Félix
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Neto, Joana103, 104, 105
- Angela Noguiera Neves
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Ng, Siu-Kwan106
- Devi Nithiya
- Jiaqing O
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Obeid, Sahar
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Oda-Montecinos, Camila
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Olapegba, Peter Olamakinde107
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Olonisakin, Tosin Tunrayo108, 109
- Salma Samir Omar
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Örlygsdóttir, Brynja22
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Ozsoy, Emrah110
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Otterbring, Tobias111
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Pahl, Sabine2
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Panasiti, Maria Serena91
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Park, Yongkuk112, 113
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Patwary, Muhammad Mainuddin114
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Pethö, Tatiana
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Petrova, Nadezhda115
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Pietschnig, Jakob2
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pourmahmoud, sadaf5
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Girishan Prabhu, Vishnunarayan116
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Poštuvan, Vita
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Prokop, Pavol
- Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter
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Razmus, Magdalena
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Ru, Taotao
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Rupar, Mirjana117
- Reza N. Sahlan
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Sabah Hassan, Mohammad
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Šalov, Anđela
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Sapkota, Saphal46, 118
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Sarfo, Jacob Owusu
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SAWAMIYA, Yoko
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Schaefer, Katrin2
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Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael61, 119
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Seekis, Veya120
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Selvi, Kerim121
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Sharifian, Mehdi122
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Shrivastava, Anita87
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Siddique, Rumana Ferdousi
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Sigurdsson, Valdimar123
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Silkane, Vineta
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Simunic, Ana124
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SINGH, GOVINDA125
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Slezackova, Alena126
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Sundgot-Borgen, Christine127
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ten Hoor, Gill95
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Tevichapong, Passagorn128
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Tipandjan, Arun
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Todd, Jennifer
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TOGAS, CONSTANTINOS129
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Tonini, Fernando
- Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro
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Trangsrud, Lise Katrine Jepsen31
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TRIPATHI, PANKAJ130
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Tudorel, Otilia131
- Tracy L. Tylka
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Uyzbayeva, Anar
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Vally, Zahir132
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Vanags, Edmunds133
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Vega Rojas, Luis Diego134
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Vicente-Arruebarrena, Aitor59
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Vidal Mollón, Jose94
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Vilar, Roosevelt135
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Villegas, Hyxia
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Vintila, Mona136
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Waller, Christopher137
- Mathew P. White
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Whitebridge, Simon
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Windhager, Sonja
- Kah Yan Wong
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Yau, Eric Kenson138
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Yamamiya, Yuko
- Victoria Wai Lan Yeung
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Zanetti, Marcelo Callegari
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Zawisławska, Magdalena139
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Zeeni, Nadine140, 141
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Zvarikova, Martina142
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Voracek, Martin
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1.
Anglia Ruskin University
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2.
University of Vienna
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3.
Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences
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4.
University of Tartu
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5.
Tarbiat Modares University
- 6. University of Chittagong
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Université du Québec en Outaouais
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8.
A'Sharqiyah University
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9.
Lusail University
- 10. Ahmed bin Mohammed Military College
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11.
Panteion University
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12.
Islamic University of Indonesia
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13.
Aberystwyth University
- 14. Neapolis University Pafos
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15.
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
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16.
Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar
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17.
Nigerian Defence Academy
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18.
Klaipėda University
- 19. Lithuanian Innovation Agency (LVPA)
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20.
Lithuanian Sports University
- 21. Charles University, Faculty of Arts
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22.
University of Iceland
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23.
University of Rijeka
- 24. Chaire VISAJ
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25.
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
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26.
Cégep de Jonquière
- 27. Universidad San Francisco de Quito Instituto de Economía
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28.
Queen Mary University of London
- 29. Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences
- 30. University of Presov, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences
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31.
University of South-Eastern Norway
- 32. University of Wroclaw
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33.
Aix-Marseille Université
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34.
Bartin University
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35.
Polytechnique Montréal
- 36. Department of General Psychology
- 37. Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Psychology
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38.
Thammasat University
- 39. Deakin University
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40.
South China Normal University
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41.
Mahasarakham University
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Trinity College Dublin
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Medical University of Silesia
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University of Wrocław
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Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
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46.
Chitwan Medical College
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47.
Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
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48.
University of the Sunshine Coast
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49.
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- 50. "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University
- 51. Koc University
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52.
Alzahra University
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53.
University of Malta
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54.
University of Graz
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55.
BI Norwegian Business School
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University of Almería
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57.
Iran University of Science and Technology
- 58. Fundacion Universidad Pontifica de Salamanca.
- 59. Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
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60.
University of Queensland
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61.
University of Bern
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62.
Czech Academy of Sciences
- 63. Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK)
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64.
University of Maragheh
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65.
Sultan Qaboos University
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66.
University of Hertfordshire
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67.
Al-Quds University
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King's College London
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69.
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
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70.
University of Buenos Aires
- 71. Universidad San Francisco de Quito
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72.
University of Novi Sad
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73.
Universidade de Ribeirão Preto
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74.
Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Eugeniusza Piaseckiego w Poznaniu
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75.
Sakarya University
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76.
Koç University
- 77. Practice for Behavioral Therapy and Neuropsychology
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78.
Universiti of Malaysia Sabah
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79.
University of Melbourne
- 80. Astana IT University
- 81. Poznan University of Physical Education
- 82. Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 83. Universiti Sains Malaysia Pusat Pengajian Sains Perubatan
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84.
University of Western Australia
- 85. Sveučilište u Rijeci, Filozofski Fakultet
- 86. Part 3 Action Research and Resource Centre
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87.
Middlesex University Dubai
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88.
Universidade de São Paulo
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89.
University of Gdańsk
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90.
WSB Merito University in Gdańsk
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91.
Sapienza University of Rome
- 92. University of Miskolc
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Shaikh Zayed Medical College and Hospital
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94.
Universitat de València
- 95. Maastricht University
- 96. University of Florence
- 97. University Hospital of Monastir
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98.
University of Pecs
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99.
DePaul University
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100.
University of Bielsko-Biała
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101.
University of Tsukuba
- 102. Dar Al Uloom University - College of Dentistry
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103.
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
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104.
University of Minho
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105.
Universidade Lusófona do Porto
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106.
Chinese University of Hong Kong
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107.
University of Ibadan
- 108. North-West University, South Africa
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109.
Ekiti State University
- 110. Ünye Çakırtepe Hospital
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111.
University of Agder
- 112. Harvard Medical School
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113.
Brigham and Women's Hospital
- 114. Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative
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115.
Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio-Electronics
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116.
University of Central Florida
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117.
Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology
- 118. Baglung Municipal Hospital
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119.
Max Planck Institute for Human Development
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120.
Griffith University
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121.
Eskişehir Osmangazi University
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122.
Yazd University
- 123. Reykjavik University
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124.
University of Zadar
- 125. DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING, EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP LUCKNOW UTTAR PRADESH INDIA
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126.
Masaryk University
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127.
University of Oslo
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128.
Chiang Mai University
- 129. Ministry of Justice
- 130. Jazan University Faculty of Pharmacy
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131.
West University of Timişoara
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132.
United Arab Emirates University
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133.
University of Latvia
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134.
Universidad de Costa Rica
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135.
Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul
- 136. Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara/West University Timisoara
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137.
Federal Reserve Board of Governors
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138.
Lingnan University
- 139. University of Warsaw
- 140. Lebanese American University Byblos Campus
- 141. Lebanese American University
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142.
Comenius University Bratislava
Description
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset – with data collected between 2020 and 2022 – to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.