ENDODONTIC IRRIGATION: FROM CURRENT CONCEPTS TO FUTURE INNOVATIONS

Successful endodontic therapy depends on effective elimination of microorganisms, organic tissue remnants, and smear layer from the root canal system. However, the intricate anatomy of root canals,including fins, isthmuses, lateral canals, and apical deltas, limits the effectiveness of mechanical instrumentation alone. Consequently, chemical irrigation plays a critical role in achieving adequate disinfection and enhancing long-term treatment outcomes.1Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) remains the primary irrigant in contemporary endodontics because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and unique ability to dissolve organic tissue. Nevertheless, its cytotoxicity, unpleasant characteristics, and inability to remove the inorganic component of the smear layer highlight the need for adjunctive solutions.2 Chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are therefore used to remove the inorganic smear layer, while chlorhexidine (CHX) contributes substantivity and additional antimicrobial coverage.3 Despite these combined protocols, persistent intraradicular infections, particularly those involving Enterococcus faecalis biofilms,continue to challenge predictable disinfection.4In response to these limitations, contemporary research has focused on enhancing irrigant delivery and antimicrobial efficacy.