Published February 28, 2026
| Version v1
Preprint
Open
Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: Resolution of the Final Parsec Problem
Authors/Creators
Description
The intent of the paper was to resolve the mechanizm for Black Hole Mergers, and that has been completed to the authors satisfaction. As a complete paper, energies were also resolved with a very novel result. The Black Hole Paper resolution to observables was that the event horizon is a quantum particle "processor" that stripped away Information from quantum particles. This paper had to go further to resolve the energies of Black Hole Mergers. The event horizon is not just a quantum particle "processor" from my previous paper. The event horizon IS quantum particle "structure" for the Energy (quanta) Black Hole core. All the information, processing, derived energy sources, particles, radiation ... is Structure added to bare quanta - Energy. Everything we observe, light, radiation, mass, gravity, elements, chemistry, forces ... are all Energy (quanta) bound by Structure. Entropy is just one of many Structural parts of Energy. This papers secondary theory, if proven correct, draws new meaning for all physics.
Other (English)
Resolution of Black Hole Merger Parsec Problem.
New understanding of Physics.
Files
BHMergerD1.pdf
Files
(736.4 kB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:07de63a9f309637cc90d85504cd2546c
|
736.4 kB | Preview Download |
Additional details
Additional titles
- Other (English)
- Energy and Structure: (E-S) Quantum and Cosmic Physics
Identifiers
- Other
- Author Lyle Semple
Dates
- Created
-
2026-02-28Astrophysics
References
- Angulo, C., Arnould, M., Rayet, M., et al. 1999, *Nuclear Physics A*, 656, 3 "NACRE: Nuclear Astrophysics Compilation of Reaction Rates" https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(99)00030-5 Armitage, P. J., & Natarajan, P. 2005, *ApJ*, 634, 921 "Eccentricity of Supermassive Black Hole Binaries Coalescing from Gas-rich Mergers" https://doi.org/10.1086/497108 Arzoumanian, Z., Baker, P. T., Brazier, A., et al. (NANOGrav Collaboration) 2020, *ApJL*, 905, L34 "The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Search for an Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background" https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abd401 Balbus, S. A., & Hawley, J. F. 1998, *Reviews of Modern Physics*, 70, 1 "Instability, Turbulence, and Enhanced Transport in Accretion Disks" https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.70.1 Bekenstein, J. D. 1973, *Physical Review D*, 7, 2333 "Black Holes and Entropy" https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2333 Berczik, P., Merritt, D., Spurzem, R., & Bischof, H.-P. 2006, *ApJL*, 642, L21 "Efficient Merger of Binary Supermassive Black Holes in Merging Galaxies" https://doi.org/10.1086/504426 Blandford, R. D., & Znajek, R. L. 1977, *MNRAS*, 179, 433 "Electromagnetic Extraction of Energy from Kerr Black Holes" https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/179.3.433 Blecha, L., Snyder, G. F., Satyapal, S., & Ellison, S. L. 2016, *MNRAS*, 478, 3056 "The Merger-driven Evolution of Massive Galaxies" https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1274 Brenneman, L. 2013, *Measuring the Angular Momentum of Supermassive Black Holes* (New York: Springer) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7771-6 Cole, S., Lacey, C. G., Baugh, C. M., & Frenk, C. S. 2000, *MNRAS*, 319, 168 "Hierarchical Galaxy Formation" https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03879.x Comerford, J. M., Pooley, D., Gerke, B. F., & Madejski, G. M. 2015, *ApJ*, 806, 219 "Merger-driven Fueling of Active Galactic Nuclei: Six Dual and Offset AGNs Discovered with Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope Observations" https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/219 Cruz, A., Hannuksela, O. A., Ng, K. K. Y., & Li, T. G. F. 2024, *Physical Review D*, 109, 024030 "Self-Interacting Dark Matter and the Final Parsec Problem" https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.024030 Dotti, M., Colpi, M., Haardt, F., & Mayer, L. 2007, *MNRAS*, 379, 956 "Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Gaseous and Stellar Circumnuclear Discs: Orbital Dynamics and Gas Accretion" https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12010.x EPTA Collaboration 2023, *A&A*, 678, A50 "The Second Data Release from the European Pulsar Timing Array" https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202346844 Escala, A., Larson, R. B., Coppi, P. S., & Mardones, D. 2005, *ApJ*, 630, 152 "The Role of Gas in the Merging of Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei" https://doi.org/10.1086/431747 Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration 2021, *ApJL*, 910, L12 "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring" https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abe71d Gould, A., & Rix, H.-W. 2000, *ApJL*, 532, L29 "Binary Black Hole Mergers from Planet-like Migrations" https://doi.org/10.1086/312562 GRAVITY Collaboration 2020, *A&A*, 643, A56 "Detection of the Schwarzschild Precession in the Orbit of the Star S2 near the Galactic Centre Massive Black Hole" https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038283 Hawking, S. W. 1975, *Communications in Mathematical Physics*, 43, 199 "Particle Creation by Black Holes" https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02345020 Hawking, S. W. 1976, *Physical Review D*, 14, 2460 "Black Holes and Thermodynamics" https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.14.2460 Hawking, S. W., Perry, M. J., & Strominger, A. 2016, *Physical Review Letters*, 116, 231301 "Soft Hair on Black Holes" https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.231301 't Hooft, G. 1993, in *Salamfestschrift*, ed. A. Ali, J. Ellis, & S. Randjbar-Daemi (Singapore: World Scientific), 284 "Dimensional Reduction in Quantum Gravity" https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9310026 Ivanov, P. B., Papaloizou, J. C. B., & Polnarev, A. G. 1999, *MNRAS*, 307, 79 "The Evolution of a Supermassive Binary Caused by an Accretion Disc" https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02623.x Jacobson, T. 1995, *Physical Review Letters*, 75, 1260 "Thermodynamics of Spacetime: The Einstein Equation of State" https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260 Kestler, J., Schmitz, R., Ebeling, W., et al. 2024, *Physical Review E*, 109, 014124 "Energy-Space Field Coupling in Polaron Formation" https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.109.014124 Kollmeier, J. A., Onken, C. A., Kochanek, C. S., et al. 2006, *ApJ*, 648, 128 "Black Hole Masses and Eddington Ratios at z∼0.3–4" https://doi.org/10.1086/505646 Komossa, S. 2003, in *The Astrophysics of Gravitational Wave Sources*, ed. J. M. Centrella (AIP Conf. Proc. 686; Melville, NY: AIP), 161 "Observational Evidence for Binary Black Holes and Active Double Nuclei" https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1629432 Liu, X., Shen, Y., Strauss, M. A., & Greene, J. E. 2013, *ApJ*, 762, 110 "Dissecting the Quasar Main Sequence: Insight from Host Galaxy Properties" https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/110 Maldacena, J. 1998, *Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics*, 2, 231 "The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity" https://doi.org/10.4310/ATMP.1998.v2.n2.a1 Maldacena, J., & Susskind, L. 2013, *Fortschritte der Physik*, 61, 781 "Cool Horizons for Entangled Black Holes" https://doi.org/10.1002/prop.201300020 Mathur, S. D. 2005, *Fortschritte der Physik*, 53, 793 "The Fuzzball Proposal for Black Holes: An Elementary Review" https://doi.org/10.1002/prop.200410203 Meier, D. L., Koide, S., & Uchida, Y. 2001, *Science*, 291, 84 "Magnetohydrodynamic Production of Relativistic Jets" https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.84 Miller, J. M., Raymond, J., Fabian, A. C., et al. 2006, *Nature*, 441, 953 "Relativistic Iron Emission and Disk Reflection in Galactic Microquasars" https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04912 Milosavljević, M., & Merritt, D. 2003, *ApJ*, 596, 860 "Formation of Galactic Nuclei" https://doi.org/10.1086/378086 Peters, P. C. 1964, *Physical Review*, 136, B1224 "Gravitational Radiation and the Motion of Two Point Masses" https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.136.B1224 Peterson, B. M., Ferrarese, L., Gilbert, K. M., et al. 2004, *ApJ*, 613, 682 "Central Masses and Broad-Line Region Sizes of Active Galactic Nuclei. II. A Homogeneous Analysis of a Large Reverberation-Mapping Database" https://doi.org/10.1086/423269 Pollack, J., Spergel, D. N., & Steinhardt, P. J. 2015, *ApJ*, 804, 131 "Supermassive Black Holes from Ultra-Strongly Self-Interacting Dark Matter" https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/131 Pringle, J. E. 1991, *MNRAS*, 248, 754 "The Properties of External Accretion Discs" https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/248.4.754 Reynolds, C. S. 2014, *Space Science Reviews*, 183, 277 "Measuring Black Hole Spin Using X-ray Reflection Spectroscopy" https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-0006-6 Reynolds, C. S., & Fabian, A. C. 2008, *ApJ*, 675, 1048 "Broad Iron-Kα Emission Lines as a Diagnostic of Black Hole Spin" https://doi.org/10.1086/527344 Rodriguez, C., Taylor, G. B., Zavala, R. T., et al. 2006, *ApJ*, 646, 49 "A Compact Supermassive Binary Black Hole System" https://doi.org/10.1086/504825 Susskind, L. 1993, *Physical Review Letters*, 71, 2367 "String Theory and the Principle of Black Hole Complementarity" https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2367 Susskind, L. 1995, *Journal of Mathematical Physics*, 36, 6377 "The World as a Hologram" https://doi.org/10.1063/1.531249 Thorne, K. S., Price, R. H., & MacDonald, D. A. 1986, *Black Holes: The Membrane Paradigm* (New Haven: Yale University Press) ISBN: 978-0300037708 Vasudevan, R. V., & Fabian, A. C. 2009, *MNRAS*, 392, 1124 "Simultaneous X-ray and Optical Observations of True Seyfert 2 Galaxies" https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14108.x Verlinde, E. 2011, *Journal of High Energy Physics*, 2011, 29 "On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton" https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029 Yu, Q. 2002, *MNRAS*, 331, 935 "Evolution of Massive Binary Black Holes" https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05242.x Additional References (Supplementary) For NANOGrav 15-year results (2023): Agazie, G., Anumarlapudi, A., Archibald, A. M., et al. (NANOGrav Collaboration) 2023, *ApJL*, 951, L8 "The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background" https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acdac6 For AMPS firewall paradox (2012): Almheiri, A., Marolf, D., Polchinski, J., & Sully, J. 2013, *Journal of High Energy Physics*, 2013, 62 "Black Holes: Complementarity or Firewalls?" https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2013)062 For stellar scattering simulations: Khan, F. M., Just, A., & Merritt, D. 2011, *ApJ*, 732, 89 "Efficient Merger of Binary Supermassive Black Holes in Nonaxisymmetric Galaxies" https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/89 For gas-driven migration simulations: Hayasaki, K., Mineshige, S., & Ho, L. C. 2008, *ApJ*, 682, 1134 "A Supermassive Binary Black Hole with Triple Disks" https://doi.org/10.1086/589171 For circumbinary disk physics: Artymowicz, P., & Lubow, S. H. 1996, *ApJL*, 467, L77 "Mass Flow through Gaps in Circumbinary Disks" https://doi.org/10.1086/310200 For magnetorotational instability: Velikhov, E. P. 1959, *Soviet Physics JETP*, 9, 995 "Stability of an Ideally Conducting Liquid Flowing between Cylinders Rotating in a Magnetic Field" (Original Russian paper; English translation in JETP) Chandrasekhar, S. 1960, *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, 46, 253 "The Stability of Non-Dissipative Couette Flow in Hydromagnetics" https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.46.2.253 For dynamical friction: Chandrasekhar, S. 1943, *ApJ*, 97, 255 "Dynamical Friction. I. General Considerations: the Coefficient of Dynamical Friction" https://doi.org/10.1086/144517 Ostriker, J. P. 1999, *ApJ*, 513, 252 "Collisional Dark Matter and the Origin of Massive Black Holes" https://doi.org/10.1086/306858 For gravitational wave theory: Thorne, K. S. 1987, in *Three Hundred Years of Gravitation*, ed. S. W. Hawking & W. Israel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 330 "Gravitational Radiation" ISBN: 978-0521379762 For iron K-shell fluorescence: Fabian, A. C., Iwasawa, K., Reynolds, C. S., & Young, A. J. 2000, *PASP*, 112, 1145 "Broad Iron Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei" https://doi.org/10.1086/316610 For nuclear reaction rates: Caughlan, G. R., & Fowler, W. A. 1988, *Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables*, 40, 283 "Thermonuclear Reaction Rates V" https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-640X(88)90009-5 For black hole area theorem: Hawking, S. W., & Ellis, G. F. R. 1973, *The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511524646 For Kerr black hole properties: Bardeen, J. M., Press, W. H., & Teukolsky, S. A. 1972, *ApJ*, 178, 347 "Rotating Black Holes: Locally Nonrotating Frames, Energy Extraction, and Scalar Synchrotron Radiation" https://doi.org/10.1086/151796 For quasi-normal modes: Berti, E., Cardoso, V., & Starinets, A. O. 2009, *Classical and Quantum Gravity*, 26, 163001 "Quasinormal Modes of Black Holes and Black Branes" https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/26/16/163001 Observational Facility References XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission): XRISM Science Team 2020, *arXiv:2003.04962* "Science with the X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)" https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04962 Chandra X-ray Observatory: Weisskopf, M. C., Tananbaum, H. D., Van Speybroeck, L. P., & O'Dell, S. L. 2000, *Proc. SPIE*, 4012, 2 "Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO): Overview" https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391545 Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA): Napier, P. J., Bagri, D. S., Clark, B. G., et al. 1994, *Proceedings of the IEEE*, 82, 658 "The Very Long Baseline Array" https://doi.org/10.1109/5.284733 Euclid Space Telescope: Euclid Collaboration 2022, *A&A*, 662, A112 "Euclid Preparation: XIII. Forecasts for Galaxy Morphology with the Euclid Survey" https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141938 Square Kilometre Array (SKA): Dewdney, P. E., Hall, P. J., Schilizzi, R. T., & Lazio, T. J. L. W. 2009, *Proceedings of the IEEE*, 97, 1482 "The Square Kilometre Array" https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2009.2021005 Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA): Amaro-Seoane, P., Audley, H., Babak, S., et al. 2017, *arXiv:1702.00786* "Laser Interferometer Space Antenna" https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.00786 Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF): Bellm, E. C., Kulkarni, S. R., Graham, M. J., et al. 2019, *PASP*, 131, 018002 "The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results" https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/aaecbe Vera C. Rubin Observatory (LSST): Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., et al. 2019, *ApJ*, 873, 111 "LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products" https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c