Association of Serum Interleukin-6 with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Observational Study

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is increasingly recognized as an inflammatory metabolic disorder. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in insulin resistance, but its clinical relevance in GDM remains under evaluation.

Objective: To assess serum IL-6 levels in women with GDM and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and to examine its association with glycaemic parameters and body mass index (BMI).

Methods: A prospective observational study included 160 pregnant women (80 GDM, 80 NGT) between 24–28 weeks of gestation at a tertiary care hospital. GDM was diagnosed using DIPSI criteria. Glycaemic parameters and Serum IL-6 were measured, and anthropometric indices were recorded. The p-value <0.05 considered as significant.

Results: Mean serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the GDM group compared to NGT (8.33 ± 1.41 vs 3.45 ± 0.98 pg/mL; p < 0.001). HbA1c levels were also significantly elevated in GDM (6.01 ± 0.54% vs 5.23 ± 0.38%; p < 0.001). IL-6 showed no significant correlation with BMI or weight but demonstrated positive associations with glycaemic parameters in the combined population.

Conclusion: Elevated IL-6 levels are strongly associated with GDM and appear independent of adiposity, supporting its role as an immune-metabolic biomarker. Incorporation of IL-6 into antenatal screening may enhance early identification of high-risk pregnancies.