The Indian MOOC Landscape: A Critical Evaluation of Web Accessibility

The rapid growth of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in India has revolutionized education by providing open and flexible access to learning resources for diverse learners across geographical and socio-economic boundaries. However, ensuring digital accessibility remains a major challenge, particularly for learners with physical or sensory disabilities. This study evaluates the web accessibility of sixteen major Indian MOOC platforms—including SWAYAM, NPTEL, DIKSHA, IGNOU eGyanKosh, e-PG Pathshala, and FutureSkills Prime—based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. Using a mixed-method evaluation comprising automated tools and manual inspection, the study assessed accessibility features related to text alternatives, keyboard navigation, contrast ratios, multimedia captions, and form usability. The findings reveal that while a few platforms such as SWAYAM and DIKSHA exhibit partial compliance with Level AA standards, most others demonstrate inconsistent accessibility implementation, with recurring issues like missing alt text, poor contrast, and inaccessible navigation elements. The results highlight that despite strong national initiatives for open learning, digital inclusivity in India’s MOOC ecosystem remains limited. The study recommends institutionalizing accessibility audits, developer training, and adherence to WCAG 2.1 Level AA to ensure equitable participation for all learners, thereby aligning MOOCs with the inclusive vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016