A TOE–NRBV Integrated Framework for Inclusive Blue Economy Development: Enhancing Supply Chain Sustainability and Small-Scale Fishers' Livelihood Resilience in Southern Coastal Malang, Indonesia

Despite growing interest in Blue Economy policy, empirical studies that integrate TOE and NRBV perspectives to explain how technological, organizational, regulatory, and natural-resource factors jointly shape supply-chain sustainability and small-scale fishers’ livelihood resilience, particularly in Indonesian coastal communities, remain scarce. This study develops and tests an integrated Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) and Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) framework to design an inclusive Blue Economy model in the southern coastal region of Malang, Indonesia. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) on survey data from 150 small-scale fishing households across Sendangbiru, Tambakrejo, and Sitiarjo, the research investigates the interplay between technological adoption, organizational capacity, regulatory support, supply chain risk, cost perception, and environmental awareness. Findings indicate that the six factors significantly enhance both Blue Economy investment and livelihood resilience, which in turn drive sustainable supply chain performance. Livelihood resilience exerts the strongest influence, highlighting the critical role of social capital, adaptive capacity, and resource sustainability in shaping inclusive development. The integrated TOE–NRBV model provides a robust analytical and practical framework for strengthening small-scale fisheries within global sustainability transitions.