Scientific and methodological foundations and effectiveness of applying the training macrocycle in the preparation process of para table tennis players

This study focuses on scientifically organizing the training process for young para table tennis athletes, planning and individualizing their physical and technical-tactical preparation within the framework of a macrocycle. The work substantiates the need to standardize training loads, taking into account the specific characteristics of para table tennis, sports classification, age, gender, and differences in functional capabilities.

During the research, a scientific and methodological approach was proposed aimed at monitoring athletes' physical development level and functional state, developing a mechanism for constructing a training macrocycle, and determining the ratios of general, special physical, and technical preparation. The annual macrocycle structure was divided into preparatory, special preparatory, pre-competition, competition, and transition periods, with their content and tasks systematized according to the preparation level of para table tennis athletes. It has been scientifically justified that during the preparatory period, 60% of training loads should be directed towards general physical preparation, 20% towards special physical preparation, and 20% towards technical preparation.

The results of the pedagogical experiment demonstrated that utilizing a specially developed set of exercises significantly improves athletes' indicators of speed, agility, movement coordination, strength, and overall endurance. It was determined that planned workloads based on an individualized approach serve to stabilize functional state, reduce the risk of excessive fatigue and injuries, and increase motivation for training.

The research findings indicate the necessity of ensuring the integration of physical and technical-tactical preparation in the long-term training system for para table tennis athletes. The proposed methodology has scientific and practical significance for application in sports schools, specialized parasports centers, and coaches' practices.