Climate-Smart Agriculture Adoption Among Southern Tanzanian Smallholder Farmers: A Decade-long Impact Assessment

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) techniques are increasingly recognised as essential for enhancing agricultural productivity in response to climate variability and change. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative data from agricultural surveys with qualitative insights from focus group discussions and interviews. Farmers demonstrated significant interest in adopting CSA techniques, particularly in water management practices such as the introduction of moisture-retaining mulches (35% increase). The findings suggest that while initial uptake was high, sustained support is needed to ensure long-term adoption and impact. Investment in education and training programmes for farmers should be prioritised alongside infrastructure development for CSA practices.