Spatially interpolated non-smoke and smoke PM2.5 concentrations for the US from 2006-2024

Seasonal-mean concentrations of particulate matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) have been decreasing across the United States (US) for several decades, with large reductions in spring and summer in the eastern US. In contrast, summertime-mean PM_2.5 in the western US has not significantly decreased. Wildfires, a large source of summertime PM_2.5 in the western US, have been increasing in frequency and burned area in recent decades. Increases in extreme PM_2.5 events attributable to wildland fires have been observed in wildfire-prone regions, but it is unclear how these increases impact trends in seasonal-mean PM_2.5. Using two distinct methods, (1) interpolated surface observations combined with satellite-based smoke plume estimates and (2) the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM), we identify recent trends (2006–2016) in summer smoke, nonsmoke, and total PM_2.5 across the US. We observe significant decreases in nonsmoke influenced PM_2.5 in the western US and find increases in summer-mean smoke PM_2.5 in fire-prone regions, although these are not statistically significant due to large interannual variability in the abundance of smoke. These results indicate that without the influence of wildland fires, we would expect to have observed improvements in summer fine particle pollution in the western US but likely weaker improvements than those observed in the eastern US.