Published January 31, 2026 | Version v1
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Botanical Pesticides: Traditional Knowledge to Modern Sustainable Pest Management in India

Authors/Creators

  • 1. Department of Zoology, B.S.N.V.P.G. College (Lucknow University), Lucknow - 226001 (U.P.), India

Description

Botanical pesticides, derived from plants and their secondary metabolites, offer an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of botanical pesticides, covering their historical use in India, classification, traditional formulations, preparation methods, and applications in modern agriculture. The history traces their use from ancient Vedic practices to contemporary Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and organic farming programs, highlighting key plant species such as neem (Azadirachta indica), karanj (Pongamia pinnata), tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), and pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium). Classification is discussed based on source plant, chemical nature, and mode of action, emphasizing their multifaceted insecticidal, repellent, antifeedant, growth-regulating, and ovicidal properties. Preparation methods—including aqueous extraction, oil extraction, solvent extraction, decoction, fermentation, and powdered formulations—are detailed, with reference to traditional and ICAR-recommended practices. The chapter also presents a comparative evaluation of botanical versus chemical pesticides, highlighting the advantages of botanical pesticides in terms of biodegradability, safety for non-target organisms, resistance management, and suitability for sustainable and organic farming. Limitations, such as slower action, short residual activity, and variable efficacy, are discussed alongside their significance in promoting environmentally safe and cost-effective pest management strategies. Overall, this chapter underscores the potential of botanical pesticides to support sustainable agriculture, reduce chemical pesticide dependency, and enhance food security in India and beyond.

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References

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