Published February 12, 2026
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Big Bang, graviton film and quark-gluon plasma
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To demonstrate the proposed model of the quark-gluon plasma as a quark-gluon gas confined within a graviton film, two conditions must be met: 1) the pressure of the quark-gluon gas should not break the bond of the graviton film, and 2) the gas must not leak outside the film. We proved both conditions. First, we showed that the quark-gluon gas pressure does not exceed the potential energy density of the graviton film since its formation in the early universe. Although the strong interaction allows for the possibility of the gas leaking via hadronization, we ruled out this scenario by demonstrating that hadrons produced outside the graviton film immediately fall toward the film due to its gravitational potential energy. This gravitational potential arises from the nonperturbative quantum gravitational effect of real gravitons composing the film, which acquire an effective mass on the Planck scale, as shown in previous literature. Therefore, we provided a complete proof that the confined quark-gluon gas cannot escape the graviton film.
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