DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM: A HIDDEN EPIDEMIC AFFECTING WOMENS MUSCULOSKELETAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Vitamin D and calcium deficiencies represent a widespread yet underrecognized public health concern, particularly among women across different life stages. These micronutrients play a crucial role in maintaining musculoskeletal integrity and regulating reproductive health. Inadequate levels of vitamin D and calcium contribute significantly to decreased bone mineral density, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures, especially in postmenopausal women. Beyond skeletal effects, emerging evidence highlights their involvement in reproductive functions, including menstrual regularity, fertility and the pathophysiology of disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome and preeclampsia. Lifestyle factors, limited sun exposure, dietary insufficiency, hormonal changes, and socio-cultural practices further exacerbate the prevalence of these deficiencies among women. Despite their high burden, vitamin D and calcium deficiencies often remain undiagnosed until clinical complications arise. This article reviews the epidemiology, physiological roles, clinical implications, and risk factors associated with vitamin D and calcium deficiency in women, emphasizing their combined impact on musculoskeletal and reproductive health. Early screening, nutritional interventions, supplementation strategies, and public health awareness are essential to mitigate this hidden epidemic and improve women’s overall health outcomes.