The Effect of Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM), Operational Environment Conditions (OEC) and Human Resource Competency (HRC) on Forklift Engine Performance

Forklifts are the main equipment in the goods management system in warehouses that have an important role in increasing productivity, operational efficiency, and smooth logistics flows. If the performance of the forklift decreases, there will be an increase in downtime, more expensive maintenance costs, and the risk of disruption in operations. This study aims to analyze the influence of Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM), Operational Environment Conditions (OEC), and Human Resource Competency (HRC) on heavy equipment performance, namely Heavy Equipment Performance (HEP), in forklift operations in warehouses. Forklift performance is measured through indicators such as transportation productivity, downtime frequency, and maintenance cost efficiency. Meanwhile, CBM, OEC, and HRC are represented by various technical, environmental, and workforce competency indicators. This study uses a quantitative approach with a causal-explanatory design. Data were collected through a Likert Scale-based questionnaire survey of 49 respondents, consisting of operators, technicians, and supervisors, using purposive sampling methods. Data analysis was carried out using the Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method using SmartPLS 4.0 software. The test results showed that all indicators met the criteria of validity and reliability. An R-square value of 0.783 indicates that CBM, OEC, and HRC are simultaneously able to account for 78.3% variation in forklift performance. The hypothesis test showed that CBM had a positive and significant effect on HEP with path coefficients of 9,225, followed by HRC of 5,999 and OEC of 4,073. These findings say that CBM is a major factor in improving forklift performance, followed by human resource competence and operational environmental conditions. This study concludes that improving condition-based maintenance strategies, developing operator capabilities, and improving the working environment in warehouses in an integrated manner can significantly and sustainably improve forklift performance.