How to Identify Structural Plagiarism -Structural Criteria Beyond Textual Similarity

This document proposes a formal framework for analysing structural similarity in technical research beyond surface-level textual comparison.

It introduces abstract representations of research structure, defines structural equivalence and non-inevitable design choices, and presents operational criteria for expert-level analysis. The focus is methodological: clarifying how deep structural alignment can be discussed without reliance on textual similarity, authorial intent, or legal interpretation.

The work is intended as a conceptual reference for researchers and reviewers interested in questions of originality, structure, and explanation in theoretical and technical domains.