Soil Contamination by Microplastics: Implications for Soil Health and Agro-Ecosystems

Microplastic contamination was first perceived primarily as an issue within aquatic systems; nevertheless, it is increasingly evident that it constitutes a significant and concealed hazard in terrestrial environments, particularly in agricultural soils. This chapter examines the pathways by which microplastics infiltrate soil ecosystems, their eventual locations, and their environmental impacts, particularly on soil health and the long-term viability of agricultural ecosystems. Plastic mulches, the application of sewage sludge, and plastic-based irrigation systems are primary contributors to the accumulation of microplastics in the soil. Microplastics alter the physical and chemical characteristics of soil upon integration. This alters its porosity, water retention capacity, and nutrient mobility. The research examines the latest discoveries about the impact of microplastics on soil microbial communities, enzyme activity, and nutrient cycling processes. These factors are essential for maintaining soil fertility and promoting crop growth. Microplastic particles possess a substantial surface area and exhibit hydrophobic properties, enabling them to transport persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals. This complicates their environmental consequences significantly. The interactions between plant roots and microplastics are increasingly concerning, since they may alter root morphology, impede plant growth, and compromise food safety. This research highlights the gaps in our understanding of locating, quantifying, and evaluating the long-term ecological consequences associated with soil microplastics. It emphasises the necessity of establishing standardised methodologies and comprehensive monitoring systems for terrestrial microplastic pollution. The findings underscore the necessity of incorporating the management of microplastic contamination into agricultural policy and land-use practices to safeguard soil health, food security, and ecosystem resilience. This study aims to elucidate the latent threats posed by microplastics to agro-ecosystems, thereby facilitating intelligent environmental management and sustainable agricultural development.