Scientific Research of Lonar: From Meteor Impact to Temple Architecture

The Lonar Crater, located in Buldhana district of Maharashtra, India, is a rare meteoritic impact structure formed in basaltic rock and represents a unique convergence of planetary science, geology, hydrology, architecture, and cultural history. This research presents an integrated study of the Lonar Crater and its surrounding sacred landscape, focusing on the relationship between the impact event, crater geomorphology, freshwater–saline water systems, and ancient temple planning. The study documents the spatial distribution and orientation of key temples such as Daityasudan, Gomukh, Mohta Maruti mandir and associated tirthas, analyzing how natural geological fractures, perennial freshwater springs, and crater topography were consciously incorporated into sacred architecture. Special attention is given to the Gomukh freshwater spring, highlighting indigenous knowledge of hydrogeology within an otherwise saline and alkaline environment. Comparative analysis with Martian basaltic terrains is also discussed, establishing Lonar as an important terrestrial analogue for planetary research. The findings suggest that ancient builders possessed advanced understanding of site selection, water management, and cosmic symbolism, integrating natural forces with Vastu and ritual geography. This research contributes to heritage studies by bridging scientific interpretation with traditional knowledge systems and emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary conservation of Lonar as a site of global geological, cultural, and planetary significance.