Data for: Downscaled gridded global dataset for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) over 1990-2022 (updated to 1990-2024)

This dataset provides a gridded dataset for GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) downscaled to an admin 2 level (43,501 admin units). The dataset is based on reported subnational admin data (from 89 countries and 2,708 subnational units) and spans three decades from 1990 to 2024. 

The dataset is presented in details in the following publication. Please cite this paper when using data. 

Kummu, M., Kosonen, M. & Masoumzadeh Sayyar, S. 2025. Downscaled gridded global dataset for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita PPP over 1990–2022. Scientific Data 12: 178. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04487-x

Code is available at: https://github.com/mattikummu/griddedGDPpc 

UPDATES to previous versions (v1-v3):

• Longer temporal coverage 1990-2024 (from 1990-2022)
• Updated downscaling method (see codes in github for details)
• Unit changed to USD in 2021 international dollars (from USD in 2017 international dollars)
• Updated input data added for various countries (updated metadata added here)
• Uncertainty estimates for adm 2 level GDP per capita data

The following data is given (formats in brackets)

• GDP per capita (PPP) at admin 0 level (national) (GeoTIFF, gpkg, csv)
• GDP per capita (PPP) at admin 1 level (at the level of reporting, either admin 1 level or admin 0 level) (GeoTIFF, gpkg, csv)
• GDP per capita (PPP) at admin 2 level (downscaled from admin 1 level) (GeoTIFF, gpkg, csv)
• Total GDP (PPP), downscaled admin 2 level GDP per capita (PPP) multiplied by gridded population count, with three resolutions: 30 arc-sec, 5 arc-min, and 30 arc-min (GeoTIFF) 
• Uncertainty estimates for admin 2 level GDP per capita: standard deviation (rast_adm2_gdp_sd_1990_2024.tif) and coefficient of variation (rast_adm2_gdp_CV_1990_2024.tif)
• Input data for the script that was used to generate the data above (code_input_data.zip). Code available at https://github.com/mattikummu/griddedGDPpc 

Files are named as follows
Format: raster data (GeoTIFF) starts with rast_*, polygon data (gpkg) with polyg_*, and tabulated with tabulated_*. 
Admin levels: adm0 for admin 0 level, adm1 for admin 1 level, and adm2 for admin 2 level
Product type: GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP): _gdp_perCapita_; and total GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP): _gdp_tot_

Metadata 

Grids for GDP per capita data:

Resolution: 5 arc-min (0.083333333 degrees)  (for admin 2 level also 30 arc-min, 0.5 degree, resolution is provided)

Spatial extent: Lon: -180, 180; -90, 90 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax) 

Coordinate ref system: EPSG:4326 - WGS 84 

Format: Multiband geotiff; each band for each year over 1990-2024

Unit: USD in 2021 international dollars

Grids for total GDP:

Resolution: 30 arc-sec, 5 arc-min or 30 arc-min

Spatial extent: Lon: -180, 180; -90, 90 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax) 

Coordinate ref system: EPSG:4326 - WGS 84 

Format: Multiband geotiff; each band for each year over 1990-2024 (5 arc-min, 30 arc-min) or for each five years 1990, 1995, ... 2015, 2020, 2024 (30 arc-sec). For 2024, population of 2025 used. 

Unit: USD in 2021 international dollars

Geospatial polygon (gpkg) files: 

Spatial extent: -180, 180; -90, 83.67 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax) 

Temporal extent: annual over 1990-2024

Coordinate ref system: EPSG:4326 - WGS 84 

Format: gkpk 

Unit:  USD in 2021 international dollars