Traditional therapeutic uses and pharmacological uses of Aristolochia indica L. (Aristolochiaceae)

Aristolochia indica is a well-known medicinal plant extensively used in traditional systems of medicine across India. The plant has long been employed for the treatment of snakebites, skin diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation and reproductive ailments. In parallel, modern pharmacological investigations have revealed a broad spectrum of biological activities. Several bioactive compounds have been isolated from different plant parts and are believed to be responsible for these activities. However, the presence of aristolochic acids has raised serious toxicological concerns, limiting the safe therapeutic use of the plant. The present study critically compiles and analyzes published literature on the traditional therapeutic uses, pharmacological properties and bioactive constituents of A. indica. Emphasis is placed on correlating ethnomedicinal claims with experimental evidence, identifying safety concerns and highlighting research gaps for future investigations. The study aims to provide a consolidated scientific basis for the rational use and further research of A. indica.