Published January 29, 2026 | Version v1
Preprint Open

A Three-Dimensional Time Framework for Quantum Mechanics, Relativity, Feynman Path Integral and Fundamental Interactions

  • 1. ROR icon Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

Description

We propose a fundamental extension of spacetime in which time is described as a three-dimensional vector 
$\mathbf{T}=(t_1,t_2,t_3)$ alongside ordinary three-dimensional space. A generalized invariant interval
\[
ds^2 = c^2 d\mathbf{T}\cdot d\mathbf{T} - d\mathbf{x}\cdot d\mathbf{x}
\]
is introduced, yielding an underlying $(3,3)$ signature geometry. Within this framework, quantum dynamics is
formulated through a multi-time Schr\"odinger equation
\[
i\hbar\,\partial_{t_a}\psi = \hat{H}_a \psi,
\]
together with consistency conditions that select a single physical evolution parameter
$\tau=\mathbf{n}\cdot\mathbf{T}$. Relativistic wave equations are obtained by constructing Klein--Gordon and
Dirac operators on the extended manifold, while gravitation is described by a six-dimensional
Einstein--Hilbert action. A generalized path-integral formulation is also presented, in which particle
histories evolve in the extended time-space manifold. The formalism reduces to standard quantum mechanics
and general relativity under an appropriate dimensional reduction, while predicting small deviations at
high energies. This work establishes a unified mathematical foundation for exploring multiple time
dimensions across quantum theory, relativity, string-inspired models, and fundamental interactions.

Files

A_Three_Dimensional_Time_Framework_for_Quantum_Mechanics__Relativity__Feynman_Path_Integral_and_Fundamental_Interactions.pdf

Additional details

Funding

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
SRF 09/1059(11052)/2021-EMR-I

References