Diseases of Adrenal Glands in Children

Diseases of the adrenal glands in children represent an important group of endocrine disorders that can lead to life‑threatening metabolic, cardiovascular, and hormonal disturbances. Pediatric adrenal disorders include acute and chronic adrenal insufficiency, adrenocortical tumors, and pheochromocytoma. These conditions may arise from congenital defects, genetic syndromes, autoimmune processes, infections, tumors, or iatrogenic causes. Because adrenal hormones are essential for stress response, electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and growth, dysfunction of the adrenal glands can have severe consequences in childhood. This article provides a comprehensive review of the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnosis, treatment strategies, and long‑term medical follow‑up of adrenal gland diseases in children.