Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Propagation Techniques: A Comprehensive Review

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a remarkable crop in arid/semi-arid region of the Earth. This fruit-bearing tree plays a crucial role in sustaining food supplies and enhancing economies in several developing countries, emphasizing the importance of effective cultivation and multiplication methods for these trees. Choosing the most appropriate propagation technique is crucial for ensuring the sustainable expansion and productivity of the global date palm industry. This narrative review thoroughly examines the different methods employed in date palm propagation along with its pros and cons. This also highlights advances in date palm propagation. The material was searched from google scholar database and the material was searched using different keywords (date palm, propagation, tissue culture, in vitro propagation, date palm biotechnology, CRISPR-CAS9) for integrative reviews published between 1990 to 2025. The total number of papers 36, including research articles, review articles, book chapters, reports and statistical reports. This review suggests that tissue culture is a suitable propagation method in Large-scale commercial production and rapid expansion of elite varieties.