Savremeni pristupi u primeni 3D štampe za karakterizaciju polučvrstih farmaceutskih formulacija

Abstract (English)

The characterization of semisolid pharmaceutical formulations is a critical component of topical drug development, particularly in the evaluation of in vitro drug release and permeation. Conventional testing systems, most notably glass-based vertical diffusion cells, are widely accepted but are often associated with high cost, limited flexibility, and practical constraints related to handling and customization. In this context, three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as an enabling technology that offers new opportunities for the design and implementation of experimental tools for semisolid formulation characterization. This work presents a narrative review of the current literature addressing the application of 3D printing technologies in the characterization of semisolid pharmaceutical formulations. The selection of studies was based on their methodological relevance, technological approach, and applicability to semisolid dosage forms. Recent advances in extrusion-based 3D printing, especially fused deposition modeling (FDM), have enabled the fabrication of customized vertical diffusion cells and related accessories using thermoplastic polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene. These materials provide adequate mechanical strength, chemical stability, and reproducibility while allowing rapid prototyping and low-cost production. The increasing use of bio-based polymers, particularly PLA, further supports the alignment of 3D printing with sustainability-oriented trends in pharmaceutical research. Published studies indicate that properly designed 3D-printed diffusion systems can meet pharmacopeial requirements and exhibit performance comparable to commercially available glass cells in in vitro release and permeation testing. The adaptability of 3D printing allows modification of cell geometry, membrane support, diffusion area, and thermostating concepts, enabling tailored experimental setups for different semisolid dosage forms. Overall, the application of 3D printing in the characterization of semisolid pharmaceutical formulations represents a significant methodological advancement. By providing customizable, cost-effective, and reproducible alternatives to conventional testing equipment, 3D printing has the potential to enhance in vitro evaluation strategies and accelerate the development of topical pharmaceutical products.