Mineral Resources of North East India: Distribution, Exploitation and Sustainable Development

Abstract

North East India (NEI), comprising eight distinct states, is endowed with a rich and unique assemblage of mineral resources shaped by its intricate tectonic evolution, varied geological formations and high topographic relief. This geologically dynamic region contributes significantly to India’s mineral economy, supplying vital resources such as coal, limestone, iron ore, copper, oil and natural gas. It also hosts strategic minerals including rare earth elements (REEs), uranium and bauxite, which are crucial for high-tech industries and energy security. Despite this wealth, mineral extraction in NEI remains uneven and underdeveloped due to a confluence of challenges: inadequate transportation and energy infrastructure, ecologically sensitive landscapes prone to erosion and landslides and the presence of diverse indigenous communities with deep-rooted socio-cultural and land tenure systems. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution of major mineral deposits across the eight NEI states, tracing historical mining trends and evaluating contemporary extraction practices. Utilizing geological survey data, production records and environmental impact studies, the research highlights critical gaps in regulatory oversight, technological modernization and meaningful community engagement. It further underscores the environmental degradation and social inequities linked to unregulated mining. To foster sustainable development, the study proposes targeted policy interventions—emphasizing robust ecological monitoring, equitable benefit-sharing frameworks with local communities and the adoption of low-impact, eco-friendly mining technologies. These measures aim to balance economic growth with the imperative of preserving NEI’s exceptional biodiversity and rich cultural heritage.