Polyherbal Anti-Dandruff Shampoos: Pathophysiology of Dandruff, Medicinal Plants, and Therapeutic Advantages

Dandruff is a common chronic scalp disorder characterized by excessive flaking, itching, and irritation, affecting a significant portion of the global population. Its pathophysiology involves a complex interaction between the overgrowth of Malassezia species, increased sebum secretion, and scalp inflammation. Conventional anti-dandruff shampoos containing synthetic agents such as ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, and selenium sulfide are widely used; however, their prolonged use is often associated with adverse effects including scalp dryness, hair damage, and allergic reactions. In recent years, polyherbal anti-dandruff formulations have emerged as safer and more effective alternatives due to their multi-targeted therapeutic action. These formulations utilize synergistic combinations of medicinal plants possessing antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and keratolytic properties, which help control dandruff while maintaining scalp health. Commonly used herbs include Azadirachta indica (neem), Sapindus mukorossi (reetha), Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), Aloe vera, and Ocimum species (tulsi). This review highlights the pathophysiology of dandruff, mechanisms of action of herbal ingredients, recent scientific advancements, and the advantages and limitations of polyherbal anti-dandruff shampoos. Overall, current evidence suggests that polyherbal formulations represent promising, eco-friendly, and holistic approaches for effective dandruff management.