Published January 3, 2026 | Version https://socialresearchfoundation.com/new/publish-journal.php?editID=12217
Peer review Open

Photocatalytic Performance of Citrus-Functionalized ZnO-CdO Composite Nanoparticles using Sonochemical Synthesis

Authors/Creators

  • 1. YCMOU Nashik ,Maharashtra, India
  • 2. Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji College Omerga, Dharashiv Maharashtra, India

Description

This study synthesized equimolar ZnO–CdO composite nanoparticles using an ultrasonic-assisted method with citrus lemon extract as a bio-functionalizing agent. X-ray diffraction and microscopy revealed that bio-functionalization reduced crystallite size from 45.90 to 28.80 nm while improving particle dispersion and homogeneity. Optical analysis showed bandgap narrowing from 3.15 to 2.94 eV. Photocatalytic testing under UV irradiation demonstrated that citrus-functionalized nanoparticles achieved 96% degradation of methylene blue, crystal violet, and tetrazine dyes, surpassing conventional samples (87%). Degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Results indicate that citrus-mediated bio-functionalization offers a sustainable approach for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency in aqueous pollutant remediation applications.

Files

Photocatalytic Performance of Citrus-Functionalized ZnO-CdO Composite Nanoparticles using Sonochemical Synthesis.pdf

Files (1.7 MB)

Additional details

Dates

Submitted
2025-12-22
Accepted
2026-01-01

Software

Repository URL
https://socialresearchfoundation.com/new/publish-journal.php?editID=12217

References

  • M. Basak, M.L. Rahman, M.F. Ahmed, B. Biswas, N. Sharmin, Calcination effect on structural, morphological and magnetic properties of nano-sized CoFe2O4 developed by a simple co-precipitation technique, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 264 (2021) 124442. T. Dippong, E.A. Levei, I.G. Deac, E. Neag, O. Cadar, Influence of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ ions doping on the structure, morphology, and magnetic properties of Co-ferrite embedded in SiO2 matrix obtained by an innovative sol-gel route, Nanomaterials, 10 (2020) 580. S. Singh, P. Tiwari, S. Tiwari, Introduction to solar energy, Fundamentals and Innovations in Solar Energy, Springer2021, pp. 1-9. V. Revathi, K. Karthik, Microwave assisted CdO–ZnO–MgO nanocomposite and its photocatalytic and antibacterial studies, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 29 (2018) 18519-18530. I.M. Maafa, A.M. Al-Enizi, A. Abutaleb, N.I. Zouli, M. Ubaidullah, S.F. Shaikh, M.A. Al-Abdrabalnabi, A. Yousef, One-pot preparation of CdO/ZnO core/shell nanofibers: An efficient photocatalyst, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60 (2021) 1819-1826. S.T. Breviglieri, É.T.G. Cavalheiro, G.O. Chierice, Correlation between ionic radius and thermal decomposition of Fe (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) diethanoldithiocarbamates, Thermochimica acta, 356 (2000) 79-84. I. Khan, A. Rasheed, A. Farid, A. Raza, M. Yousaf, A. Abbas, Structural, optical and dielectric properties of chemical vapor transport based synthesis of rice-like nanostructured cadmium zinc oxide films, Thin Solid Films, 768 (2023) 139700. M. Tribaudino, L. Mantovani, F. Mezzadri, G. Calestani, G. Bromiley, The structure of P21/c (Ca0. 2Co0. 8) CoSi2O6 pyroxene and the C2/c–P21/c phase transition in natural and synthetic Ca–Mg–Fe2+ pyroxenes, Mineralogical Magazine, 82 (2018) 211-228. A.S. Chougale, S.S. Wagh, A.D. Waghmare, S.R. Jadkar, D.R. Shinde, S.F. Shaikh, R.N. Bulakhe, J. Man Kim, S.P. Patole, H.M. Pathan, Tailoring ZnO–CdO Nanocomposite Photoanodes Mimicking Neural Web Like Structure for Optimized Solar Water Splitting, Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, DOI (2025) 2500009. H.R. Pouretedal, S. Basati, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO, ZnS, ZnO/ZnS, CdO, CdS and CdO/CdS Nanoparticles in Mesoporous SBA-15, DOI (2015). B. Suresh, M. Saravanan, S. Senthil, V. Ratchagar, A. Muthuvel, M. Ayyar, M. Santhamoorthy, N. Azum, Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of CdO/La2O3/PVP Nanocomposites by Microwave Irradiation Method, Physics of the Solid State, 67 (2025) 885-894. K. Sirohi, S. Kumar, V. Singh, N. Chauhan, A. Vohra, Facile synthesis of CdO–ZnO nanocomposites for photocatalytic application in visible light, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49 (2024) 273-284. I.Y. Qudsieh, I.M. Maafa, A. Yousef, A. Abutaleb, S.M. Matar, M. El-Halwany, Efficient Hydrogen Production via Photodehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane Using Embedded CdO/ZnO Nanoparticles in Polyurethane Nanofibers, Polymers, 17 (2025) 443.