1. Introduction

Gravity is one of the most influential and complex natural phenomena in the universe. Despite the success of classical models—from Newtonian gravity to Einstein’s General Relativity—in describing gravitational behavior mathematically, the fundamental physical mechanism generating gravity remains unexplained.

The Total Gravity Theory proposes an alternative conceptual framework in which gravity is treated as a dynamic phenomenon arising from the internal motion of celestial bodies and their interactions with surrounding astronomical objects, rather than a static property derived solely from mass.

2. Gravity Definition in Total Gravity Theory

According to this theory, gravity emerges from the interaction of three primary factors:

·       Internal layer motion within a celestial body (e.g., mantle or equivalent structure).

·       Friction between the moving internal layer and the outer shell.

·       External gravitational influences from nearby celestial bodies.

Within this framework:

·       Increased internal motion with reduced friction leads to weaker gravity.

·       Slower internal motion combined with stronger friction results in stronger gravity.

Hence, gravity is interpreted as a variable mechanical interaction rather than a fixed property depending solely on mass.

2.1 Mathematical Representation

The effective gravitational acceleration can be expressed as:

g_eff = G * (M / R^2) * (1 + alpha * (v_int / f_friction))

In LaTeX format:

g_{\rm eff} = G \frac{M}{R^2} \left( 1 + \alpha \frac{v_{\rm int}}{f_{\rm friction}} \right)

Where:

·       g_eff = effective gravitational acceleration

·       G = gravitational constant

·       M = mass of the celestial body

·       R = radius of the body

·       v_int = characteristic velocity of the internal layer

·       f_friction = friction factor between layers

·       alpha = dimensionless proportionality constant

This equation reduces to Newtonian gravity (g = GM/R^2) when internal motion is negligible or friction effects are minimal.

3. Influence of the Moon and the Sun on Earth’s Gravity

Moon:

The Moon is proposed to affect the motion of Earth’s internal layers. During specific alignments, it interacts with the mantle, altering the relative motion between the mantle and the crust, leading to temporary local variations in gravity. These effects may contribute to:

·       Redistribution of the atmosphere

·       Tidal behavior

·       Movement of surface water toward a more spherical equilibrium

Sun:

The Sun induces similar effects on a larger scale due to its massive size, particularly during celestial alignments with the Earth and Moon.

4. Planetary Gravity Variations

Total Gravity Theory explains planetary gravity differences through a combination of:

·       Rotation speed

·       Number of moons

·       Internal dynamic behavior

Examples:

·       Mars: Lower gravity due to small size and moon-induced internal motion.

·       Jupiter & Saturn: High mass but rapid rotation and numerous moons reduce internal friction, limiting effective gravity.

·       Venus: Extremely slow retrograde rotation increases internal friction, resulting in stronger gravity.

·       Mercury: Lack of moons and rotation properties lead to stable gravity consistent with observations.

5. Gravity of Stars and Black Holes

Stars, including the Sun, consist of:

·       A stable inner core

·       Slowly moving internal mantle

·       Luminous outer layer

For the Sun, slow mantle motion relative to planetary distances allows long-term internal stability.

Black holes: exhibit extreme gravity because they are isolated from nearby masses, allowing concentration of internal friction and attraction, leading to exceptionally strong gravitational effects.

6. Gravity of Asteroids

Small asteroids do not possess fully independent gravity. Instead, a portion of their gravitational influence derives from nearby massive bodies, forming a “gravitational shadow”.

The farther an asteroid is from major gravitational sources, the more its weak gravity becomes noticeable.

7. Testable Predictions

Total Gravity Theory predicts:

·       Slight decrease in Earth’s gravity during Sun-Moon alignment

·       Observable changes in mantle motion during these periods

·       Correlations between planetary gravity, number of moons, and rotation speed

·       Slow internal evolution of stars independent of surface luminosity

8. Proposed Experiments

Proposed experiments include:

·       High-precision gravimeter measurements during Sun-Moon alignment

·       Seismic observations of mantle dynamics before, during, and after alignments

·       Analysis of distant asteroids’ gravitational behavior relative to major gravitational sources

9. Conclusion

Total Gravity Theory provides a dynamic explanation for gravity, linking internal motion, friction, and external astronomical interactions. While differing from classical gravity models, it is experimentally testable, reframing gravity as a system-level interaction rather than a property dependent solely on mass.

This theory is proposed as a preliminary conceptual hypothesis and does not claim to replace established gravity models but suggests an alternative internal mechanism that can be empirically explored.