MODELOS TEORICOS DEL HACINAMIENTO
Description
Este libro (monografía n.º 3 de la serie "Documentos de Psicología Social" de la UAB, 1987) realiza una revisión crítica de los principales modelos teóricos sobre el hacinamiento (crowding). El autor, Lupicinio Íñiguez, parte de una distinción fundamental: la densidad es una medida física (personas por espacio), mientras que el hacinamiento es un estado psicológico subjetivo de estrés o incomodidad debido a una restricción espacial percibida.
La obra estructura su análisis en varios ejes: antecedentes del estudio (sociológicos y con animales), definición conceptual, efectos descritos (estrés, menor rendimiento, cambios en conducta social) y una extensa etiología donde se listan múltiples variables moderadoras (como tipo de tarea, relaciones sociales, cultura, personalidad).
El núcleo del texto es la revisión de los modelos teóricos, agrupados en:
Modelos de control sobre el entorno: Incluyen el modelo de interferencia social, de sobrecarga de estímulos, de privacidad (Altman), de equilibrio (Stokols) y de control-atribución. Todos comparten la idea de que el hacinamiento surge de una pérdida de control percibida.
Enfoque de la Psicología Ecológica: Introduce conceptos como undermanning/overmanning (infra/sobresaturación), relacionando el hacinamiento con la adecuación entre el número de personas y las exigencias de un "escenario de conducta".
Modelo de Densidad/Intensidad de Freedman: Postura disidente que niega efectos negativos inherentes a la densidad, argumentando que esta solo intensifica la conducta típica del individuo en una situación.
El autor concluye señalando la falta de coherencia entre los diversos modelos y resultados experimentales, criticando el enfoque simplista y abogando por la construcción de teorías complejas e interdisciplinares que aborden la multicausalidad del fenómeno. Asimismo, cuestiona la visión exclusivamente negativa del hacinamiento y propone que su desencadenante principal no sería la densidad, sino la vivencia subjetiva del espacio disponible.
This book (monograph No. 3 of the "Documentos de Psicología Social" series, UAB, 1987) provides a critical review of the main theoretical models on crowding. The author, Lupicinio Íñiguez, establishes a fundamental distinction: density is a physical measure (people per space), while crowding is a subjective psychological state of stress or discomfort due to a perceived spatial restriction.
The work structures its analysis along several lines: antecedents of the study (sociological and animal research), conceptual definition, described effects (stress, decreased performance, changes in social behavior), and an extensive etiology listing multiple moderating variables (such as task type, social relations, culture, personality).
The core of the text is the review of theoretical models, grouped into:
Models of control over the environment: Include the social interference model, stimulus overload model, privacy model (Altman), equilibrium model (Stokols), and control-attribution model. They all share the idea that crowding arises from a perceived loss of control.
Ecological Psychology approach: Introduces concepts like undermanning/overmanning, linking crowding to the fit between the number of people and the demands of a "behavioral setting".
Freedman's Density/Intensity Model: A dissenting position that denies inherent negative effects of density, arguing that it merely intensifies the individual's typical behavior in a situation.
The author concludes by highlighting the lack of coherence among the various models and experimental results, criticizing the simplistic approach and advocating for the construction of complex and interdisciplinary theories that address the multi-causality of the phenomenon. He also questions the exclusively negative view of crowding and suggests that its main trigger is not density, but the subjective experience of available space.
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Additional details
Additional titles
- Translated title (English)
- Theoretical Models of Crowding
Identifiers
- ISSN
- 0213-3946
- ISBN
- 978-84-7488-225-4
Dates
- Valid
-
1987
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