生产完整性与劳动力生产掌控能力——马克思主义政治经济学的当代重构(以数字资本主义为视角)

摘要:

本文以 “劳动力商品化” 这一资本主义根本生产关系为基石,旨在构建一个能够系统解释其历史演变与当代转型的批判理论体系。我们指出,经典分析在把握“劳动力商品”的生产与再生产过程如何被精确定义、掌控与剥夺这一深层问题上,仍存在范式局限。为突破此局限,本文原创性地提出 “生产完整性” 与 “对劳动力生产的实际掌控能力” 这一对核心分析范畴。以此为轴,我们建构了一个新的三元解释框架,并系统论证:资本主义的阶级结构,本质上是由上述根本能力的不同丧失与垄断形式所界定;其剥削逻辑的升级,表现为从占有剩余价值到殖民劳动力商品再生产条件的“双重丧失”;而人的全面异化,则是此能力被系统性剥夺后,从经济领域向人的存在与社会关系领域蔓延的生成序列。本框架不仅为数字资本主义下的支配新形态提供了统一的政治经济学根源诊断,更将 “夺回对劳动力生产的实际掌控能力” 论证为超越劳动力商品范畴、指向人的全面解放的总体性革命纲领。本研究是对马克思主义政治经济学批判在当代的一次体系化深化与重构。

Abstract

Based on the fundamental production relation of capitalism—"the commodification of labor power"—this paper aims to construct a critical theoretical system capable of systematically explaining its historical evolution and contemporary transformation. We argue that the classical analytical paradigm has limitations in grasping the in-depth question of how the production and reproduction process of "labor power as a commodity" is precisely defined, controlled, and expropriated. To break through this limitation, the paper originally proposes a pair of core analytical categories: "production integrity" and "the actual control capacity over the production of labor power". Centering on these categories, we construct a new ternary dialectical analytical framework and systematically demonstrate: the class structure of capitalism is essentially defined by the different forms of loss and monopoly of the aforementioned fundamental capacities; the upgrading of its exploitative logic manifests as a "double loss"—from the expropriation of surplus value to the colonialization of the reproduction conditions of labor power as a commodity; and the all-round alienation of humans is a generative sequence that spreads from the economic field to the field of human existence and social relations after this capacity is systematically expropriated. This framework not only provides a unified political economy root diagnosis for the new forms of domination under digital capitalism but also argues that "reclaiming the actual control capacity over the production of labor power" is an overall revolutionary program that transcends the category of labor power as a commodity and points towards the all-round liberation of humans. This study represents a systematic deepening and reconstruction of Marxist political economy criticism in the contemporary era.