Biological Augmentation of Extraction Sockets: The Use of PRF in Alveolar Ridge Preservation

Abstract

Tooth extraction initiates a cascade of biological processes that culminate in progressive resorption of the alveolar ridge, compromising bone volume, esthetics, and the prognosis of future implant placement. Conventional socket healing often leads to significant vertical and horizontal bone loss within the first three months post-extraction. Biological augmentation using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has emerged as a minimally invasive regenerative approach to mitigate alveolar bone atrophy through the delivery of autologous growth factors, cytokines, and leukocytes that orchestrate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This review critically examines the biological basis, clinical applications, and evidence supporting the use of PRF in alveolar ridge preservation. Mechanisms of PRF-mediated bone and soft tissue regeneration, histologic and radiographic outcomes, and comparative analyses with other graft materials are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the cellular and molecular dynamics of PRF, its role as a bio-scaffold and signaling matrix, and its clinical efficacy in post-extraction socket management. Current limitations and emerging research directions are also explored, highlighting PRF as a cost-effective, autologous, and biologically active adjunct in modern implant dentistry.