Published October 30, 2025
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Chronobiology in Orthodontics – A Literature Review
- 1. International Journal of Dental Science and Innovative Research (IJDSIR)
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Abstract
The biological clock regulates nearly every physiological function of the body through a 24-hour circadian rhythm controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Core clock genes such as CLOCK, BMAL1, PER, and CRY form transcriptional–translational feedback loops (TTFL) that synchronize cellular and hormonal activities. In dentistry, particularly orthodontics, circadian rhythm plays a vital role in bone remodeling, pain perception, and craniofacial growth. Hormones such as cortisol, growth hormone, and vitamin D, along with cytokines and interleukins, exhibit rhythmic secretion patterns that regulate osteoblastic and osteoclastic functions, thereby influencing tooth movement and post-treatment stability.
Moreover, variations in circadian rhythm affect pain sensitivity, bone formation, and inflammatory responses, all of which impact orthodontic outcomes. Recognizing these time-dependent biological variations can help in optimizing the timing of force application and improving treatment efficiency. A deeper understanding of chronobiology may thus enable clinicians to align orthodontic therapy with the body’s natural rhythms, enhancing biological response, patient comfort, and long-term stability.
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