Evaluation of Anesthetic Efficacy of 2% Lignocaine with 1:2,00,000 Adrenaline Among Smokers and Non-Smokers During Intra-Alveolar Mandibular Posterior Teeth Extraction
- 1. International Journal of Dental Science and Innovative Research (IJDSIR)
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Abstract
Introduction: Tooth extraction is one of the most frequently performed procedures by oral surgeons, and it cannot be successfully carried out without achieving adequate anesthesia. A patient-related factor hypothesized to affect anaesthetic efficacy is cigarette smoking. However, whether the anaesthetic effect of lignocaine is truly altered by cigarette smoking remains unclear. This uncertainty prompted us to evaluate the efficiency of 2% lignocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline in both smokers and non-smokers during the extraction of mandibular posterior teeth.
Methods: This study included patients requiring extraction of mandibular posterior teeth. It was a single-blinded, prospective observational case-control study with a total sample size of 176 patients. Participants were categorized into two groups: the study group (Group A), comprising patients with a history of cigarette smoking, and the control group (Group B), consisting of patients with no history of smoking. Data collected included past medical history, personal history (including smoking history), the volume of local anesthetic administered (in milliliters), the onset time of local anesthesia (in minutes), and pain scores.
Results: Of the 176 patients included in the study, the mean age of the patients in the study and control groups were 39 and 42 years, respectively. The mean time of onset of anesthesia in Group A and Group B was 3.53 ± 1.18 and 2.98 ± 1.006 minutes respectively. The mean volume of anaesthetic administered in Group A and Group B was 3.49 mL and 2.58 mL, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the time of onset of anesthesia between both the groups (p < 0.05), with smokers exhibiting a prolonged duration. Smokers report significantly higher pain scores compared to non-smokers (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates an altered onset of action, increased volume requirement, and elevated pain scores indicative of reduction in the efficacy of local anesthetic utilised among individuals who are smokers. Additionally, histological studies are necessary to elucidate the findings of this study and to clarify the specific effects of lignocaine in smoker versus non-smoker populations.
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