MECHANICAL & APPLIED SCIENCE DOMAIN
Published December 15, 2025 | Version v1
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A Comprehensive Review on the Evolution of Implant Materials: from Metals to Non-Metals and Composites

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Implant materials have played a pivotal role in modern medicine and dentistry, revolutionizing restorative and reconstructive procedures. The evolution from metallic to non-metallic and composite biomaterials represents a significant advancement in biocompatibility, osseointegration, and overall mechanical performance. Implantology has undergone a remarkable transformation since its inception, transitioning from the use of metallic materials to advanced non-metallic, composite biomaterials and nanotubes. Because of their exceptional mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion, metals like titanium, cobalt-chromium alloys, and stainless steel once dominated the industry. However, these materials have certain limitations including corrosion and ion release has encouraged the shift toward ceramics, polymers, and composites. Recent innovations such as zirconia-based implants, carbon-fiber reinforced PEEK, and hydroxyapatite-coated titanium demonstrate how interdisciplinary material science continues to improve long-term clinical outcomes.

The evolution of implant materials reflects a continuous effort to improve biocompatibility, osseointegration, mechanical performance, and patient outcomes, to name a few. This review examines the historical progression, material characteristics, and chronological developments of implant materials in medical and dental applications, focusing on their structural, biological, and functional characteristics, advantages, and future directions in the development of implant biomaterials. The paper concludes by exploring emerging trends, including nanocomposites, 3D-printed biomaterials, and bioactive hybrid systems, which are poised to define the next generation of implantable materials

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References

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