Development of a Target Games Based Learning Model to Enhance Concentration, Motor Reaction, and Self Confidence of Students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities

This study aims to develop a Target Games-based learning model designed to improve concentration, motor reactions, and self-confidence in students with mild intellectual disabilities. The background of this study stems from the physical education learning conditions in special schools, which tend to be monotonous and less adaptive to the motor and psychosocial development needs of students with special needs. The Research and Development approach was used by adapting the Borg & Gall model, which includes preliminary studies, model design, expert validation, small-scale trials, revisions, and operational testing. The research subjects consisted of 15 students with mild intellectual disabilities at SDLB N Pembina Yogyakarta. The research instruments included performance observation sheets, expert validation questionnaires, and PJOK teacher assessments. The expert validation results showed that the developed game model was feasible and applicable. The operational test results showed an increase in concentration skills in the Pin Jitu game, an increase in reaction speed through the GERAK game, and an increase in self-confidence through the BerBola Warna game. Overall, the effectiveness of the model showed that 46.67% of students were in the very effective category, 40% were effective, and 13.33% were quite effective. Thus, the Target Games-based learning model proved to be valid, practical, and effective in improving the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective aspects of students with mild intellectual disabilities.