WTO and Modern Global Trade Structures

Abstract

This paper examines the evolving role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) within contemporary global trade structures. It situates the WTO historically, explains its institutional architecture and functions, analyzes how global value chains (GVCs), digital trade, and regional trade agreements (RTAs) have reshaped trade governance, and assesses the WTO’s challenges — especially dispute settlement dysfunction, geopolitical tensions, and shifting membership priorities. The paper offers policy recommendations to strengthen the WTO’s relevance in a world of plurilateral and regional regimes, resilient supply chains, and expanding digital commerce.