Diagnosis in Paediatrics according to Traditional Chinese Medicine and its Application in the Therapeutic Approach and Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objective: To explore the theoretical foundations of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Paediatrics, analyse its specific diagnostic patterns, and review the application and potential of TCM therapeutic modalities as a complementary and integrative approach for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Background: ASD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with heterogeneous manifesta-tions. While Western medicine offers various symptomatic strategies, many families seek com-plementary alternatives. TCM adopts a holistic, individualised approach, interpreting ASD symptoms as manifestations of core energetic imbalances, such as deficiencies of Kidney Jing, Spleen Qi, and the presence of Phlegm Clouding the Heart.
Methods: This study employed a descriptive and exploratory literature review methodology, synthesising classical TCM paediatric concepts, including the "Five Delays" (Wǔ Chí) syndrome, with current preclinical and clinical research concerning the application of acupuncture, herbal medicine, cupping therapy, and Tui Na in the context of ASD.
Results: TCM diagnoses ASD based on patterns of energetic deficiency and stagnation. The "Five Delays" syndrome directly correlates with deficiencies in the Kidneys, Spleen, and Heart, which require specific therapeutic principles (e.g., Tonifying the Kidney Jing, Resolving Phlegm). On the other hand, TCM interventions demonstrate potential for modulating both behavioural and neurophysiological symptoms; Acupuncture showed efficacy in activating the hypothalamic ox-ytocinergic system, improving social deficits and emotional regulation. Herbal Medicine (e.g., Curcumin, Acorus calamus) showed neuroprotective potential in animal models, improving hippocampal neurogenesis and reducing autism-like behaviours. Moreover, Tui Na and Cupping were associated with improvements in sensory processing, sleep quality, and the reduction of maladaptive behaviours.
Conclusion: TCM offers a valuable, personalised, and holistic framework for the management of ASD, providing diagnostic tools and complementary therapeutic strategies that consider the child's energetic individuality. The integration of TCM with conventional Western care shows promise for enhancing therapeutic outcomes, supporting emotional stability, and improving the overall quality of life for children with ASD and their families. Further controlled clinical stud-ies are necessary to validate the efficacy of specific TCM protocols and promote their adoption in interdisciplinary clinical settings