Hybrid Heat Transfer Fluids with Nanoparticles and Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Geothermal Energy Applications

Rising global energy demand imposes sustainable solutions like Geothermal Energy Applications (GTEA). However, conventional heat transfer fluids (HTFs) struggle with low thermal conductivity and heat storage capacity in high-temperature systems. This study explores the potential of hybrid HTFs incorporating nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer, as well as microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) to enhance heat capacity. It also explores the reuse of abandoned petroleum wells as geothermal sources with reduce costs. These advancements optimize GTEA systems for domestic and industrial use, supporting clean energy initiatives and reducing carbon emissions.