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Abstract:

Graphitic nanomaterials have emerged as foundational components in nanoscience owing to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties, which can be tuned by controlling dimensionality and structural order. From zero-dimensional (0D) quantum dots, carbon nano-onions, and nanodiamonds to one dimensional (1D) nanoribbon, two-dimensional (2D) nanowalls, and three-dimensional (3D) graphene foams, these architectures underpin advancements in catalysis, energy storage, sensing, and electronic technologies. Among various synthesis routes, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) provides unmatched versatility, enabling atomic level control over carbon supply, substrate interactions, and plasma activation to produce well defined graphitic structures directly on functional supports. This review presents a comprehensive, dimension resolved overview of CVD derived graphitic nanomaterials, examining how process parameters such as precursor chemistry, temperature, hydrogen etching, and template design govern nucleation, crystallinity, and morphological evolution across 0D to 3D hierarchies. Comparative analyses of Raman, XPS, and XRD data are integrated to relate structural features with growth mechanisms and functional performance. By connecting mechanistic principles across dimensional scales, this review establishes a unified framework for understanding and optimizing CVD synthesis of graphitic nanostructures. It concludes by outlining a path forward for improving how CVD-grown carbon nanomaterials are made, monitored, and integrated into real devices so these can move from lab-scale experiments to practical, scalable technologies.

Funding:

The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52071225) and the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No. 101087143 (Electron Beam Emergent Additive Manufacturing (EBEAM)). Project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048 “REFRESH-Research Excellence For REgion Sustainability and High-tech Industries” via the Operational Programme Just Transition and CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000045 “Circular economy R&D Centre—CirkArena and The Operational Programme Just Transition”.