Women Prisoners in India: Legal Framework, Challenges and Reform Pathways

The issue of women prisoners in India has long remained on the margins of criminal justice discourse. Despite comprising a small percentage of the total prison population, women inmates face challenges unique to their gender and socio-economic circumstances. This paper analyses the legal and constitutional framework governing women prisoners in India, supported by government data, judicial precedents, and international conventions. Using data from the National Crime Records Bureau and Ministry of Home Affairs, the paper identifies key issues relating to health care, undertrial detention, and rehabilitation. The analysis further explores India’s obligations under international human rights instruments and the implementation of gender-sensitive reforms. Recommendations are made for comprehensive reform in light of the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence and global best practices.